Table 1.

Cu/water properties used in the simulations ^12,13.

Properties	Equation
Density	${\rho }_{\mathit{eff}}=(1-\phi ){\rho }_f+\phi {\rho }_p$
Heat capacity	$c_{p,eff}=\frac{(1-\phi ){(\rho c_p)}_f+\phi {(\rho c_p)}_p}{(1-\phi ){\rho }_f+\phi {\rho }_p}$
Viscosity31	${\mu }_{\mathit{nf}}=(1+7.3\varphi +123{\varphi }^2){\mu }_f$
Thermal conductivity	$k_{\mathit{eff}}/k_{\mathit{bf}}=1+\left(\frac{k_p}{k_{\mathit{bf}}},\frac{d_{\mathit{bf}}}{d_p},\frac{\varphi }{1-\varphi }\right)(1+25,000\frac{u_b{d}_p}{k_{\mathit{bf}}})$ Brownian motion velocity of nanoparticles $:u_b=\frac{2K_{B}T}{\pi {\mu }_{\mathit{bf}}{d_p}^2}$