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. 2021 Jan 13;11:1169. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80929-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cross-sectional weighted associations of sphingomyelins and ceramides with physical function in ARIC visit 5. Multiple linear regression model was used to determine β-coefficients [95% confidence internal] between each metabolite (log-transformed concentration modeled in z score) and physical function. Model 1 covariates: age, sex, race-site, and batch effects. Model 2 covariates: model 1, plus body mass index, diabetes status, hypertension status, use of lipid lowering medication, total cholesterol, Digit Symbol Substitution test z-score, and prevalent stroke at the ARIC visit 5. Model 3 covariates: model 2, plus education, presence of an APOE4 allele, Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, sports index, previous heart failure, previous coronary heart disease, CES depression score, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride levels, SF bodily pain score, current smoking status, and current drinking status.