Table 1.
Participant characteristics on demographic and clinical variables (n = 483).
| SCZ-H (n = 99) | BD-H (n = 74) | BD (n = 42) | NC-H (n = 40) | HC (n = 228) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 32.3 (10.9) | 46.2 (11.6) | 52.3 (11.9) | 43.1 (14.5) | 40.7 (14.6) | < 0.001* |
| Gender, m/f | 67/32 | 37/37 | 23/19 | 10/30 | 121/107 | < 0.001* |
| Handedness, R/L | 85/8 | 65/8 | 36/7 | 30/10 | 190/37 | 0.106 |
| Motion, mm | ||||||
| Relative mean displacement | 0.1 (0.04) | 0.1 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.03) | < 0.001* |
| Diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||||
| Schizophrenia | 59 (59.6) | |||||
| Schizoaffective disorder | 17 (17.2) | |||||
| Schizophreniform disorder | 1 (1.0) | |||||
| Schizotypal personality | 1 (1.0) | |||||
| Psychosis NOS | 20 (20.2) | |||||
| Bipolar-I disorder | 74 (100) | 74 (100) | ||||
| Medication, No. (%) | ||||||
| Antipsychotics | 83 (83.8) | 39 (52.7) | 9 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Lithium | 5 (5.1) | 42 (56.8) | 27 (64.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Anti-depressants | 22 (22.2) | 16 (21.6) | 10 (23.8) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Hallucinations lifetime, No. (%) | 99 (100) | 74 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (100) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Auditory | 80 (80.8) | 39 (52.7) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (100) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001* |
| Visual | 53 (53.5) | 51 (68.9) | 0 (0.0) | 33 (82.5) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001* |
| Hallucinations current, No. (%) | 57 (65.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (100) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Delusions lifetime, No. (%) | 72 (72.7) | 64 (86.5) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (35.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
Differences between continuous variables were tested with a one-way ANOVA, and differences in dichotomous variables with Chi-square tests. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Significant differences are indicated by an asterisk (*). Current hallucinations means experiences in the last month. The current hallucinations in the SCZ-H were based on the P3 > 2 PANSS, and in NC-H with the frequency item of the PSYRATS. Number of cases with missing data: Diagnosis n = 1 SCZ-H; Antipsychotics n = 10 HC; n = 5 SCZ-H; n = 3 BD-H; n = 1 BD. Lithium n = 10 HC; n = 6 SCZ-H. Antidepressants; n = 10 HC; n = 16 SCZ-H; Lifetime hallucinations n = 4 HC; Auditory n = 4 HC; n = 11 SCZ-H; n = 2 BD-H. Visual n = 5 HC; n = 15 SCZ-H. Olfactory n = 5 HC; n = 17 SCZ-H. Tactile n = 5 HC; n = 14 SCZ-H. Current hallucinations: SCZ-H = 23. Lifetime delusions; n = 5 HC; n = 3 NC-H; n = 21 SCZ-H.
NC-H non-clinical individuals with hallucinations, NOS not otherwise specified, BD-H bipolar-I disorder with lifetime history of hallucinations, BD bipolar-I disorder without lifetime history of hallucinations, SCZ-H schizophrenia spectrum disorder with hallucinations.