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. 2021 Jan 13;11:1157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-80961-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the in vitro virulence of Staphylococcus schweitzeri and representative African Staphylococcus aureus. The results were merged for S. schweitzeri (n = 58) and African S. aureus (n = 6) and displayed as the mean (± SD) for each of the two groups. (A) Cellular invasion in Vero and A549 cells. The highly invasive strain S. aureus Cowan I served as positive and the low invasive S. carnosus strain TM300 as negative control. (B) Intracellular cytotoxicity after infection of Vero and A549 cells. The highly cytotoxic S. aureus strain 6850 served as positive and the S. carnosus strain TM300 as negative control. (C) Biofilm formation. The biofilm production was measured photometrically and bars indicated mean OD (± SD). (D) Extracellular cytotoxicity. A549 cells were exposed to secreted toxins in supernatants of overnight cultures. The mean cytotoxicity (proportion of dead cells, ± SD) of S. schweitzeri was significantly stronger than for African S. aureus (p = 0.02).