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. 2021 Jan 13;11:966. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80005-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rhodopsin signaling. Representation of molecular steps in photoactivation (modified from Leskov et al. 2000). Step 1, A light photon activates rhodopsin (OPSD) by conformational change in the disk membrane. Step 2, activated rhodopsin makes contacts with G protein known as transducin (GNAT). Step 3, transducin dissociates from GDP and binds GTP, then the alpha subunit-GTP complex of transducin dissociates from the beta and gamma subunits. Step 4, the alpha subunit of transducin activates phosphodiesterase, also known as PDE6, by binding to one of two regulatory subunits of PDE and inhibits its activity. PDE6 hydrolyzes cGMP, forming GMP. Step 5, the intracellular concentration of cGMP decreases and therefore the CNGA1 cation channels close. Closure of the cation channels causes hyperpolarization of the cell due to the ongoing efflux of potassium ions. Abundance of the 8 proteins linked to rhodopsin signaling upregulated in RRD are shown as boxplots. **q < 0.1; *q < 0.5, ns non-significant differences.