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. 2021 Jan 13;11:948. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80277-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of RNAi on phenotype and chitin content. (A) Representative phenotypes of A. pisum after RNAi. I-0 and II-0: normal phenotypes as control phenotype; II-3: abnormal phenotypes in the red morphs, the “molting deformity” phenotype; III-3: abnormal phenotypes in the green morphs, the “molting deformity” phenotype; III-0 and IV-0: normal winged and III-1: abnormal phenotype in the red morphs, the “wing deformity” phenotype. All abnormal insects in the nymph-adult stage were present. (B) The winged rate after RNAi. (C) The abnormal phenotype rates. (D) The chitin content after RNAi. Red, red morphs of A. pisum. Green green morphs of A. pisum, CK the normal diet, dsGFP the GFP-dsRNA treatment, dsTPS the TPS-dsRNA treatment, dsTRE the TRE-dsRNA treatment. Each bar represents the Means ± SEM from three biological replicates with ten individuals mixed in each replicate. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey–Kramer test. The different letters above the error bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).