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. 2021 Jan 13;11:1259. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78867-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Quantitative comparison of metabolites found in the aqueous cell extract. Mean and relative standard error mean refers to the relative integrals of metabolites, determined from cell extract 1D ¹H-NMR spectra of each group (CM and DMSO treatments). Letters in parentheses indicate peak multiplicities (s, singlet; d, doublet, dd, doublet of doublet; m, multiplet). DMA dimethylamine, PC O-phosho-choline, GPC sn-glycero-3-phoshocholine. *A p-value threshold of 0.05 was obtained from t-test analysis. (b,c) Box-and-Whisker plots illustrating the trend of significant metabolites grouped according to CM: Crithmum maritimum treatment; DMSO: Vehicle treatment, derived from the ¹H NMR spectra of (b) HepG2 and (c) Huh7 aqueous cell extracts. DMSO Vehicle treatment, CM Crithmum maritimum treatment.