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. 2021 Jan 13;11:942. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79957-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Estimated marginal means from the maximum identified model on response time data (Model 2). Individual participants' conditional modes are illustrated with smaller symbols and thin lines connecting the valid and invalid preview points. The preview effect, the difference between valid and invalid preview trials, depended on the training condition. In contrast to valid training (left side), there was no evidence for a preview effect with invalid training (right side, see also Models 2a and 2b below). Note that effect estimates were obtained for the first trial of the test phase. Error bars represent 95% asymptotic confidence intervals.