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. 2021 Jan 13;11:917. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79548-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The reference range of the disease for each age. The values were obtained from subset analysis of data of men aged 20–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥ 80 years. The two solid lines represent the lower and upper limits of the reference range; dashed line, the 95th percentile of PSA. The values for each age group were calculated based on the mean and SD of the distribution of Ln(PSA) in non-diseased people in each subset⁹.