Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Simulated client studies, onsite observation surveys or mixed methods studies, conducted in a CDRO setting, reporting the proportion of dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription Studies conducted in a CDRO setting involving interviewing pharmacy staffs and generating a report about a recent transaction made Studies involving exit interviews conducted with clients as they left retail outlets and reporting data on the OTC sale of antibiotics

Articles conducted in hospital or veterinary pharmacy settings Studies that were published in languages other than English Studies that explored knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists (or the public) about antibiotics but lacked data on the magnitude of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics Abstracts without the full text available for retrieval, and reviews, conference proceedings, letter to editor and meeting notes Pharmacy staffs (or public) opinion surveys on the supply and/or sources of non-prescribed antibiotics Studies not undertaken in SSA