. 2020 Oct 28;162(2):145–159. doi: 10.1111/imm.13276

Table 1.

Select examples of targeting immunometabolism for improved TB host defence

Strategy	Metabolite	Immune Pathway	Outcome	Ref
Micronutrient supplementation	Vitamin D	(AMPS) cathelicidins	Promote resistance	163, 164, 165
Micronutrient supplementation	Vitamin A	Autophagy, lipid metabolism	Promote resistance	163, 164, 165
Macronutrients supplementation	Glutamine	Metabolic reprogramming,	Promote resistance	166, 167
Macronutrients supplementation	Arginine	NO production	Modulate tolerance	166, 167
Macronutrient depletion	Tryptophan	Mycobacterial metabolism, granuloma formation	Promote tolerance	¹⁶⁸
Microbial metabolites	SCFA	Anti‐inflammatory	Modulate tolerance	173, 174
Microbial metabolites	IPA	Anti‐inflammatory	Promote resistance	173, 174
Repurposing small molecule	Rapamycin analogues (everolimus)	mTOR/AKT1 glycolytic reprogramming	Modulate tolerance	56, 169
Targeting whole‐body metabolism	Metformin	Modulate hyperglycaemia, autophagy, cytokine production	Modulate tolerance	170, 171, 172
Targeting whole‐body metabolism	Statins	Macrophage foam cells	Promote resistance	170, 171, 172
Promote immune training	BCG	Promote bone marrow myeloid expansion	Increased resistance	153, 154
Promote immune training	Beta‐glucans	Promote bone marrow myeloid expansion	Increased resistance

Abbreviations: AMPK, AMP protein kinase; AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; BCG, bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine; HMGCR, HMG‐CoA reductase; IPA, indole‐3‐propionic acid; NO, nitric oxide; SCFA, short‐chain fatty acids.