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. 2020 Oct 6;162(2):160–178. doi: 10.1111/imm.13264

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Inflammasome‐mediated neurodegeneration. PAMPs or DAMPs activate TLR and mediate non‐transcriptional priming of the inflammasome. TNF activates the TNF receptor and increases the expression of NLRP3, ASC and pro‐caspase‐1 via NF‐κB signalling. It also leads to the priming of inflammasome, which ultimately contributes to inflammasome assembly. It will further activate pro‐caspase‐1 into caspase‐1, which converts the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (pro‐IL‐1β, pro‐IL‐18) into inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐18). P2X7 receptor and mitochondrial stress also activate the inflammasome assembly. It will ultimately lead to pyroptosis and, thus, neurodegeneration (PAMPs – pathogen‐associated molecular pattern, DAMPs – damage‐associated molecular pattern, TNF – tumour necrosis factor, NLRP3 – nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich repeat‐containing receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3, ASC – apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing CARD, NF‐κB – nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells, IL – interleukin, P2X7‐P2 – purinergic receptor 2) (Adapted from Servier Medical Art by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (http://smart.servier.com/))