FIGURE 3.

Microglial mediated neuroinflammation in PD. Infiltration of lymphocytes from the peripheral immune system to the central nervous system and aggregation of α‐syn stimulate the activation of the microglial cell, which is accompanied by the release of ROS and NO along with inflammatory markers such as IL‐1β, IL‐18, TNF‐α, EGF and COX‐2. All these inflammatory markers result in neuronal cell death (IL – interleukin, TNF‐α – tumour necrosis factor‐α, EGF – epidermal growth factor, COX‐2 – cyclooxygenase‐2, ROS – reactive oxygen species, NO – nitric oxide) (Adapted from Servier Medical Art by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (http://smart.servier.com/))