Table 2.

Information on nanoparticles formulation, immune checkpoint blockade, photothermal therapy, other immune adjuvants and targeted pre-clinical cancer models discussed in the review

Nanoparticles (NPs) formulation		Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)		Laser information (PTT)			Other immune adjuvant included	Cancer targeted, Animal models	Ref
PTT agents	Size, concentration, route of administration, total doses	Name	Concentration, route of administration and total doses	Wavelength Power, duration, total cycles		Temp reached
Gold nanostars	12 nm 2 mg/mouse i.v followed by accumulation via EPR effect	aPD-L1	200 μg/mouse i.v	808 nm	0.6 W/cm2 10min, single irradiation	-	-	MB49 bladder cancer C57BL/6 mice, two tumor model (50–150 mm3) with primary PTT-treated tumor and secondary untreated tumor on each flank PTT performed one day post i.v NPs injection Surviving animals re-challenged	(74)
Gold nanorods	122 ± 11.6 nm 300 μg/mouse i.t.	aPD-L1	-	1064 nm	1 W/cm2 10 min, single irradiation	60 °C	Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 2 μg/mL loaded into NPs	B16-F10 melanoma C57BL/6 mice, single tumor model followed by re-challenge of the surviving animals	(75)
Hollow gold nanoshells	600 nm 0.5 mg/mouse i.t.	aPD-1	1 mg/mouse included within the NPs	808 nm	2 W/cm2 3 min, every 2 days, 10 irradiations	48–50 °C	-	CT26 colon cancer and 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, two tumor model with PTT treatment in primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor	(76)
Hollow gold nanoshells	600 nm 0.5 mg/mouse i.t.	aPD-1	1 mg/mouse included within the NPs	808 nm	1.5 W/cm2 3min	60 °C	CpG (TLR3/9 agonist) 20 μg/mouse, every 3 days, 7 i.v. injections	4T1 breast cancer in BALB/c mice - two tumors injected orthotopically in breast pad, PTT on primary tumor alone with untreated secondary tumor, followed by i.v. injection of 4T1 cells to model metastasis CT26 colon cancer in BALB/c mice - two tumor model with treatment of primary tumor alone	(77)
Iron oxide nanoparticles	150 nm 6 mg/mouse i.v. followed by magnetic accumulation every 3 days, 3 cycles	aPD-L1	75mg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses	808 nm	0.33 W/cm2 30min 3 days, 3 cycles	66.7 °C	Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 2 μg/mL loaded in NPs	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, orthotopic two-tumor model within breast pads. NPs were i.v injected and magnetized to the primary tumor followed by PTT	(82)
Iron oxide nanoparticles	30.7±1.8 nm 20 mg/kg i.v.	aCTLA-4	100 μg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses	808 nm	1.25 W/cm2 20 min 2 cycles on consecutive days	53 °C	-	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice delayed two tumor model with 7 days interval between tumor injections in flanks. PTT on primary tumor 24 h post i.v NP injection	(85)
Iron oxide-Perfluoropentane nanoparticles	220 nm 1 mg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 2 cycles	aPD-1	400 μg/mouse incorporated in the NPs	660 nm	0.1 W/cm2 10min Every 3 days, 2 cycles	45 °C	-	B16-F10 melanoma C57BL/6 mice Single tumor model	(86)
Prussian blue nanoparticles	50 nm 50 μg/mouse i.t.	aCTLA-4	150 μg/mouse i.p. Every 3 days, 3 doses	808 nm	1.9 W/cm2 10min	55 °C	-	Neuro2a neuroblastoma A/J mice, single tumor model Re-challenge after 3 months disease-free survival	(91)
Bismuth selenide nanocages	40 nm 80 μg/mL i.v	aPD-L1	750 μg/kg i.v. 4 consecutive days, 4 doses	808 nm	0.8 W/cm2 10 min 24h post i.v injection of NPs	52 °C	Resiquimod (TLR7/8 agonist) 0.8 μg/mL loaded in NPs	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, two-tumor model with primary treated tumor and secondary untreated tumor on flanks. Separate re-challenge study conducted on single tumor model 40 days post-treatment	(95)
Black phosphorous quantum dot	100 nm 7 mg/kg i.v.	aPD-1	5 mg/kg i.v Every 3 days, 4 doses	808 nm	1 W/cm2 10 min 24h post i.v injection of NPs	53 °C	-	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flanks PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor	(104)
Copper sulfide nanoparticles	12 nm 15 mM i.t. Every 2 days, 4 cycles	aPD-L1	50 ug/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses	808 nm	0.45 W/cm2 5min Every 2 days, 4 cycles	55 °C	-	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor model with different cell numbers injected in the flanks PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor	(107)
Graphene oxide	< 200 nm 200 μg/mouse s.c. at tail-base site	aPD-L1	200 μg/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses	808 nm	1 W/cm2 8min 12h after injection of NPs	45–55 °C	iDOi (ICB) 3 mg/mL loaded in NPs	CT26 colon cancer BALB/c mice, two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor on flanks	(115)
Single walled carbon nanotube	100–200 nm 0.33 mg/kg i.t.	aCTLA-4	60 μg/mouse Every 2 days, 3 doses	808 nm	0.5 W/cm2 10min	55 °C	-	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice Orthotopic delayed two-tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor Metastatic model with 7 days between tumor injections with PTT-treated primary tumor in mammary pad and untreated i.v injected metastatic tumor	(121)
Indocyanine green	100 nm 1.1 mg/kg i.t	aCTLA-4	10 or 20 μg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses	808 nm	0.5 W/cm2 10min	60 °C	Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 0.7 mg/kg loaded in NPs	CT26 colon cancer BALB/c mice, single tumor model with i.v NPs injection 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor models with 7 days between orthotropic tumor injections and metastatic 4T1 model with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors	(124)
Indocyanine green	42 nm Concentration not defined i.t.	aCTLA-4	30 mg/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses	808 nm	0.75 W/cm2 10min	61 °C	-	4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice, single tumor in the flank Re-challenge after 100day survival Two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor	(61)
Polydopamine	100nm 20 ug/mouse i.t	JQ1 (PD-L1 inhibitor)	4 ug/mouse included with the NPs	808 nm	1 W/cm2 5min	ΔT= 20°C	-	4T1 breast cancer model single tumor model in the flank of the mice delayed two tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flank with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors	(127)
Polydopamine coated bacteria	105 CFU of bacteria containing 1 mg/mL of polydopamine i.v	AUNP-12 (peptide PD-1 antagonist)	100 ug embedded in phospholipid-based phase separation gel, subQ	808 nm	1.18 W/cm2 5min	55 °C	-	C57BL/6 mice B16-F10 melanoma single tumor model in the flank of the mice Biodistribution of pDA-VNP Degradation of P-AUNP was studies using 4T1-luc tumor model in BALB/c mice	(128)
Polydopamine and carbon dots	234.5 nm 200uL of 9.58 mg/kg i.v	PD-L1	750 ug/kg Every 2 days, 3 doses i.v.	808 nm	1.5 W/cm2 5min 24h after NP injection	50 °C	Resiquimod (TLR7/8 agonist) loaded on to NPs 200uL of 3 mg/kg	BALB/c 4T1 breast cancer single tumor model in the flank of the mice delayed two tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flank with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors	(129)
IR820 dye	2 mg/kg i.t. Every 2 days, 4 cycles	aPD-L1	100 μg/mouse incorporated into the nanogel	808 nm	1 W/cm2 10 min Every 2 days, 4 cycles	45 °C	-	B16-F10 melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice Single tumor model Two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor Metastatic two-tumor model with secondary tumor injected i.v.	(130)

PTT= photothermal therapy; ICB = immune checkpoint blockage; aCTLA-4 = antibody against CTLA-4; aPD-1/aPD-L1 = antibody against PD-1/PD-L1; NPs = Nanoparticles; min = minutes; ERP= enhanced permeation and retention; i.v. = intravenous injection; i.p. = intraperitoneal injection; i.t. = intratumoral injection; SubQ = subcutaneous injection; TLR = toll-like receptor; iDOi = indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor