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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Hyperthermia. 2020 Dec;37(3):34–49. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1797190

Table 2.

Information on nanoparticles formulation, immune checkpoint blockade, photothermal therapy, other immune adjuvants and targeted pre-clinical cancer models discussed in the review

Nanoparticles (NPs) formulation Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) Laser information (PTT) Other immune adjuvant included Cancer targeted, Animal models Ref
PTT agents Size, concentration, route of administration, total doses Name Concentration, route of administration and total doses Wavelength Power, duration, total cycles Temp reached
Gold nanostars 12 nm 2 mg/mouse i.v followed by accumulation via EPR effect aPD-L1 200 μg/mouse i.v 808 nm 0.6 W/cm2 10min, single irradiation - -
  • MB49 bladder cancer

  • C57BL/6 mice, two tumor model (50–150 mm3) with primary PTT-treated tumor and secondary untreated tumor on each flank

  • PTT performed one day post i.v NPs injection

    Surviving animals re-challenged

(74)
Gold nanorods 122 ± 11.6 nm 300 μg/mouse i.t. aPD-L1 - 1064 nm 1 W/cm2 10 min, single irradiation 60 °C Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 2 μg/mL loaded into NPs
  • B16-F10 melanoma

  • C57BL/6 mice, single tumor model followed by re-challenge of the surviving animals

(75)
Hollow gold nanoshells 600 nm 0.5 mg/mouse i.t. aPD-1 1 mg/mouse included within the NPs 808 nm 2 W/cm2 3 min, every 2 days, 10 irradiations 48–50 °C -
  • CT26 colon cancer and 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, two tumor model with PTT treatment in primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

(76)
Hollow gold nanoshells 600 nm 0.5 mg/mouse i.t. aPD-1 1 mg/mouse included within the NPs 808 nm 1.5 W/cm2 3min 60 °C CpG (TLR3/9 agonist) 20 μg/mouse, every 3 days, 7 i.v. injections
  • 4T1 breast cancer in BALB/c mice - two tumors injected orthotopically in breast pad, PTT on primary tumor alone with untreated secondary tumor, followed by i.v. injection of 4T1 cells to model metastasis

  • CT26 colon cancer in BALB/c mice - two tumor model with treatment of primary tumor alone

(77)
Iron oxide nanoparticles 150 nm 6 mg/mouse i.v. followed by magnetic accumulation every 3 days, 3 cycles aPD-L1 75mg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses 808 nm 0.33 W/cm2 30min 3 days, 3 cycles 66.7 °C Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 2 μg/mL loaded in NPs
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, orthotopic two-tumor model within breast pads.

  • NPs were i.v injected and magnetized to the primary tumor followed by PTT

(82)
Iron oxide nanoparticles 30.7±1.8 nm 20 mg/kg i.v. aCTLA-4 100 μg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses 808 nm 1.25 W/cm2 20 min 2 cycles on consecutive days 53 °C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice delayed two tumor model with 7 days interval between tumor injections in flanks.

  • PTT on primary tumor 24 h post i.v NP injection

(85)
Iron oxide-Perfluoropentane nanoparticles 220 nm 1 mg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 2 cycles aPD-1 400 μg/mouse incorporated in the NPs 660 nm 0.1 W/cm2 10min Every 3 days, 2 cycles 45 °C -
  • B16-F10 melanoma

  • C57BL/6 mice

  • Single tumor model

(86)
Prussian blue nanoparticles 50 nm 50 μg/mouse i.t. aCTLA-4 150 μg/mouse i.p. Every 3 days, 3 doses 808 nm 1.9 W/cm2 10min 55 °C -
  • Neuro2a neuroblastoma

  • A/J mice, single tumor model

  • Re-challenge after 3 months disease-free survival

(91)
Bismuth selenide nanocages 40 nm 80 μg/mL i.v aPD-L1 750 μg/kg i.v. 4 consecutive days, 4 doses 808 nm 0.8 W/cm2 10 min 24h post i.v injection of NPs 52 °C Resiquimod (TLR7/8 agonist) 0.8 μg/mL loaded in NPs
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, two-tumor model with primary treated tumor and secondary untreated tumor on flanks.

  • Separate re-challenge study conducted on single tumor model 40 days post-treatment

(95)
Black phosphorous quantum dot 100 nm 7 mg/kg i.v. aPD-1 5 mg/kg i.v Every 3 days, 4 doses 808 nm 1 W/cm2 10 min 24h post i.v injection of NPs 53 °C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flanks

  • PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

(104)
Copper sulfide nanoparticles 12 nm 15 mM i.t. Every 2 days, 4 cycles aPD-L1 50 ug/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses 808 nm 0.45 W/cm2 5min Every 2 days, 4 cycles 55 °C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor model with different cell numbers injected in the flanks

  • PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

(107)
Graphene oxide < 200 nm 200 μg/mouse s.c. at tail-base site aPD-L1 200 μg/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses 808 nm 1 W/cm2 8min 12h after injection of NPs 45–55 °C iDOi (ICB) 3 mg/mL loaded in NPs
  • CT26 colon cancer

  • BALB/c mice, two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor on flanks

(115)
Single walled carbon nanotube 100–200 nm 0.33 mg/kg i.t. aCTLA-4 60 μg/mouse Every 2 days, 3 doses 808 nm 0.5 W/cm2 10min 55 °C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice

  • Orthotopic delayed two-tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections

  • PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

  • Metastatic model with 7 days between tumor injections with PTT-treated primary tumor in mammary pad and untreated i.v injected metastatic tumor

(121)
Indocyanine green 100 nm 1.1 mg/kg i.t aCTLA-4 10 or 20 μg/mouse i.v. Every 3 days, 3 doses 808 nm 0.5 W/cm2 10min 60 °C Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) 0.7 mg/kg loaded in NPs
  • CT26 colon cancer

  • BALB/c mice, single tumor model with i.v NPs injection

  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, delayed two-tumor models with 7 days between orthotropic tumor injections and metastatic 4T1 model with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors

(124)
Indocyanine green 42 nm Concentration not defined i.t. aCTLA-4 30 mg/mouse i.p. Every 2 days, 3 doses 808 nm 0.75 W/cm2 10min 61 °C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c mice, single tumor in the flank

  • Re-challenge after 100day survival

  • Two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

(61)
Polydopamine 100nm 20 ug/mouse i.t JQ1 (PD-L1 inhibitor) 4 ug/mouse included with the NPs 808 nm 1 W/cm2 5min ΔT= 20°C -
  • 4T1 breast cancer model

  • single tumor model in the flank of the mice

  • delayed two tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flank with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors

(127)
Polydopamine coated bacteria 105 CFU of bacteria containing 1 mg/mL of polydopamine i.v AUNP-12 (peptide PD-1 antagonist) 100 ug embedded in phospholipid-based phase separation gel, subQ 808 nm 1.18 W/cm2 5min 55 °C -
  • C57BL/6 mice

  • B16-F10 melanoma

  • single tumor model in the flank of the mice

  • Biodistribution of pDA-VNP

  • Degradation of P-AUNP was studies using 4T1-luc tumor model in BALB/c mice

(128)
Polydopamine and carbon dots 234.5 nm 200uL of 9.58 mg/kg i.v PD-L1 750 ug/kg Every 2 days, 3 doses i.v. 808 nm 1.5 W/cm2 5min 24h after NP injection 50 °C Resiquimod (TLR7/8 agonist) loaded on to NPs 200uL of 3 mg/kg
  • BALB/c

  • 4T1 breast cancer

  • single tumor model in the flank of the mice

  • delayed two tumor model with 7 days between tumor injections in the flank with PTT-treated primary and untreated secondary tumors

(129)
IR820 dye 2 mg/kg i.t. Every 2 days, 4 cycles aPD-L1 100 μg/mouse incorporated into the nanogel 808 nm 1 W/cm2 10 min Every 2 days, 4 cycles 45 °C -
  • B16-F10 melanoma and 4T1 breast cancer

  • BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice

  • Single tumor model

  • Two-tumor model with PTT-treated primary tumor and untreated secondary tumor

  • Metastatic two-tumor model with secondary tumor injected i.v.

(130)

PTT= photothermal therapy; ICB = immune checkpoint blockage; aCTLA-4 = antibody against CTLA-4; aPD-1/aPD-L1 = antibody against PD-1/PD-L1; NPs = Nanoparticles; min = minutes; ERP= enhanced permeation and retention; i.v. = intravenous injection; i.p. = intraperitoneal injection; i.t. = intratumoral injection; SubQ = subcutaneous injection; TLR = toll-like receptor; iDOi = indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor