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Relationship of NP physicochemical properties with immune stimulation
| NP Physicochemical property | Immune effects on antigen presenting cells |
|---|---|
| Positively charged | Rapid phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory |
| Negatively charged | Moderate to low interactions; moderate inflammation |
| Hydrophilic | Moderate to poor interactions with innate cells; moderate inflammation |
| Hydrophobic | Rapid uptake and pro-inflammatory |
| PEGylation and zwitterion surfaces | Low to moderate inflammation |
