Table 3.
Analysis of variance results for secondary outcome measures (intention-to-treat analysis).
| Measure | Effect | df* | F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report questionnaires | |||||
| Pain severity (Brief Pain Inventory) | Time | 4.12, 193.81 | 1.24 | 0.295 | 0.03 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.19 | 0.664 | < 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 4.12, 193.81 | 1.06 | 0.379 | 0.02 | |
| Pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory) | Time† | 2.88, 135.32 | 2.84 | 0.043 | 0.06 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.04 | 0.838 | < 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 2.88, 135.32 | 0.74 | 0.526 | 0.02 | |
| Neuropathic features of pain (Pain Detect Questionnaire) | Time† | 3.29, 154.50 | 3.32 | 0.018 | 0.07 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.32 | 0.574 | 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 3.29, 154.50 | 0.61 | 0.625 | 0.01 | |
| Bath CRPS Body Perception Disturbance Scale | Time | 3.41, 160.11 | 2.43 | 0.059 | 0.05 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.57 | 0.455 | 0.01 | |
| Time × Group† | 3.41, 160.11 | 2.60 | 0.047 | 0.05 | |
| Fear of movement (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia) | Time | 3.86, 181.61 | 2.41 | 0.053 | 0.05 |
| Group | 1, 47 | <0.01 | 0.993 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group† | 3.86, 181.61 | 2.89 | 0.025 | 0.06 | |
| Mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States) | Time | 3.60, 169.21 | 2.29 | 0.069 | 0.05 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.36 | 0.554 | 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 3.60, 169.21 | 0.25 | 0.894 | 0.01 | |
| Patients' Global Impression of Change | Time | 3, 120 | 0.96 | 0.414 | 0.02 |
| Group | 1, 40 | 0.02 | 0.890 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 3, 120 | 0.56 | 0.644 | 0.01 | |
| Clinical assessments | |||||
| Allodynia (affected limb) | Time | 2.23, 104.67 | 1.03 | 0.367 | 0.02 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.25 | 0.616 | 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 2.23, 104.67 | 0.35 | 0.730 | 0.01 | |
| Absolute temperature difference | Time | 3, 141 | 0.43 | 0.731 | 0.01 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.16 | 0.695 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 3, 141 | 0.63 | 0.595 | 0.01 | |
| Oedema difference | Time | 2.41, 113.08 | 0.99 | 0.387 | 0.02 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.06 | 0.805 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 2.41, 113.08 | 1.86 | 0.153 | 0.04 | |
| Experimental tests of neuropsychological functions | |||||
| Temporal-Order Judgement task (Point of Subjective Simultaneity) | Time | 1.70, 79.69 | 1.08 | 0.335 | 0.02 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.16 | 0.692 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 1.70, 79.69 | 0.63 | 0.512 | 0.01 | |
| Grayscales task | Time | 2.17, 101.82 | 0.57 | 0.581 | 0.01 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.02 | 0.899 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 2.17, 101.82 | 0.52 | 0.609 | 0.01 | |
| Mental Number Line Bisection task | Time | 2.39, 112.17 | 0.48 | 0.656 | 0.01 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.50 | 0.481 | 0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 2.39, 112.17 | 0.14 | 0.899 | <0.01 | |
| Hand laterality recognition, accuracy index | Time | 3, 141 | 2.39 | 0.072 | 0.05 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 1.54 | 0.221 | 0.03 | |
| Time × Group | 3, 141 | 0.44 | 0.723 | 0.01 | |
| Hand laterality recognition, reaction time index | Time | 3, 141 | 1.32 | 0.269 | 0.03 |
| Group | 1, 47 | 0.05 | 0.826 | <0.01 | |
| Time × Group | 3, 141 | 1.48 | 0.224 | 0.03 |
*
Greenhouse–Geisser adjusted degrees of freedom are reported where sphericity assumption was violated.
†
Statistically significant effect (P < 0.05).