Table 1.
Sample characteristics: Israeli and Italian cohorts
| Variable | Israel (n = 510) | Italy (n = 505) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | ||
| Gender | 0.47 | ||||
| Male | 250 (49.0) | 259 (51.3) | |||
| Female | 260 (51.0) | 246 (48.7) | |||
| Age groups | 0.0001 | ||||
| 18–24 | 91 (17.8) | 48 (9.5) | |||
| 25–34 | 114 (22.4) | 79 (15.6) | |||
| 34–44 | 103 (20.2) | 106 (21.0) | |||
| 45–54 | 108 (21.2) | 124 (24.6) | |||
| 55–70 | 94 (18.4) | 148 (29.3) | |||
| Marital status | 0.90 | ||||
| Married | 372 (72.9) | 370 (73.3) | |||
| Unmarried | 138 (27.1) | 135 (26.7) | |||
| Health status | 0.86 | ||||
| No chronic disease | 364 (71.4) | 363 (71.9) | |||
| With chronic disease | 146 (28.6) | 142 (28.1) | |||
| Owning an apartment/house | 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 280 (54.9) | 336 (66.5) | |||
| No, rental | 127 (24.9) | 96 (19.0) | |||
| No, living with parents | 103 (20.2) | 73 (14.5) | |||
| Education (years) | 14.03 (2.52) | 14.23 (3.73) | 0.31 | ||
| Number of children living at home | 2.4 (1.6) | 1.3 (0.9) | 0.0001 | ||
| Employment status before COVID-19 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 63 (12.4) | 141 (27.9) | |||
| Public sector employment | 153 (30.0) | 64 (12.7) | |||
| Private sector employment | 214 (42.0) | 208 (41.2) | |||
| Self-employed | 29 (5.7) | 58 (11.5) | |||
| Student/Military service | 51 (10.0) | 34 (6.7) | |||
| Scope of employment before COVID-19* | 0.62 | ||||
| Full time | 312 (78.8) | 250 (75.8) | |||
| Part time | 56 (14.1) | 56 (16.1) | |||
| Per diem | 28 (7.1) | 27 (8.2) | |||
| Workplace before COVID-19* | 0.11 | ||||
| Outside home | 357 (90.2) | 283 (85.8) | |||
| At home | 11 (2.8) | 18 (5.5) | |||
| Both | 28 (7.1) | 29 (8.8) | |||
| Family income before COVID-19 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Below average | 277 (54.3) | 184 (36.4) | |||
| Average | 149 (29.2) | 226 (44.8) | |||
| Above average | 84 (16.5) | 95 (18.8) | |||
| Employment during the COVID-19 quarantine* | 0.0001 | ||||
| As usual | 82 (20.7) | 53 (16.1) | |||
| Part time | 80 (20.2) | 49 (14.8) | |||
| Full time at home | 49 (12.4) | 79 (23.9) | |||
| Part time at work | 39 (9.8) | 43 (13.0) | |||
| Unpaid leave | 122 (30.8) | 74 (22.4) | |||
| Layoff | 24 (6.1) | 32 (9.7) | |||
| Income status during the COVID-19 quarantine | |||||
| Unchanged | 169 (33.1) | 212 (42.0) | 0.004 | ||
| Reduced | 228 (44.7) | 213 (42.4) | |||
| Sharply reduced | 113 (22.2) | 80 (15.8) | |||
| Physical exercise during the past 4 weeks | 0.01 | ||||
| As usual | 113 (22.2) | 110 (21.8) | |||
| Sometimes | 245 (48.0) | 204 (40.4) | |||
| Never | 152 (29.8) | 191 (37.8) | |||
The table shows the results of a Chi-square test for categorical variables and Mean (SD) for continuous variables. *Excluded: did not work; student; soldier