Figure 4.

Induction of cytokines and growth factors expression by the elderly-type gut metabolites in colon cancer cells. HCT116 cells were cultured with cell culture medium containing the indicated metabolite or distilled water for 3 days. These cells were then subjected to RT-qPCR for indicated genes. Data represent the mean (± standard deviation, SD) of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate, and are presented relative to the control. Error bars indicate SDs. Asterisks indicate the statistical significance of each concentration of metabolite versus distilled water (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01; Tukey’s test)