(A-D) Cytokine and chemokine levels in the supernatants of B cells stimulated with 1μg/ml of R848, or 5U/ml IFNα, or both agents for 72 hours were measured by Luminex (Bio-Rad platform). (E) lysosomal pH determined by lysosensor dye and expressed as histogram overlay of wild type B cells in absence (blue) or in presence of chloroquine (filled light blue) and slc15a4-/- B cells in absence (brown) or in presence of chloroquine (filled light orange). (F-G) Splenic B cells were stimulated with 1μg/ml of R848 for indicated times with or without chloroquine, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules was assessed by western blot. (H) IL-6 levels in the supernatants of B cells stimulated with 1μg/ml of R848 with or without chloroquine. Data is expressed as mean± SD for triplicate samples (n = 3). White bars, wild-type mice (C57BL/6); black bars, slc15a4-/- mice (on C57BL/6 background). *p < 0.05, **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005.