Figure 3.

The Behavioral Effects of Propranolol (NA−) Administration

Plot shows the difference in RT between unexpected (UE) and expected (E) trials (i.e., surprise) as a function of stimulus noise (sensory uncertainty). As noise increases from no/low (L), medium (M), to high (H), expectations exert more influence on behavior (i.e., RTs for unexpected stimuli increase), and this interaction is stronger in the propranolol group. L, low; M, medium; H, high; referring to low, medium, and high visual noise on the images. Each data point represents an individual participant. Thick middle line shows the mean, inner box shows the 95% SEM, and outer box shows the standard deviation. Dotted lines show linear fits.