Table 2.

Elements and challenges described in the mobile health interventions of the selected studies.

Tool Name	Elements included				Challenges identified	References
	SMS	Web	App	Cloud server
e-Leprosy framework	+	+	−	−	Cost-benefit analysis Need for a comprehensive strategy Perceived usefulness of the technology Perceived ease of use of the technology No internet connection in remote rural areas	Rachmani 2019 [43]
GeoPoll and SMS	+	+	−	−	No challenges identified in the study	Mwingira 2017 [34]
Guaral App	−	−	+	+	Sociotechnical context Human-centered design Iterative design Usability Technical concerns	Navarro 2018 [38]
LINKS system	−	−	+	+	Data ownership Lack of technical expertise Cost of smartphones HCPa perceptions about digital data collection Batteries running out of charge Lack of network	Sime 2014 [32]
Measure SMS and Measure SMS-morbidity	+	+	−	+	Data accuracy HCP training Technological barriers Availability of mobile phones Cost Poor network coverage Battery supply Feasibility Health system structure and organizational change	Stanton 2015 [33] Karim 2019 [36] Mableson 2017 [39] Mwingira 2017 [35] Martindale 2018 [37]
Nu-case	−	−	+	+	Heterogeneity of linguistic cultural backgrounds Potential legal issues Network signal coverage Durability and battery life Image and data quality Empowerment of local health workers	Luz 2015 [40]
SkinApp	−	−	+	+	Technical requirements Cost Need of context-specific adaptation (language, culture, and epidemiological situation)	Mieras 2018 [10]
WhatsApp	−	−	+	−	Data privacy Highly time consuming Work required on mentor and mentee relationship Internet connection requirement	Akoko 2019 [42]

^aHCP: health care professional.