Table 2.
Relevant MRI parameters in patients and controls.
| COVID-19 | CONTROL | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lung MRI | |||
| Lung parenchymal abnormalities, % | 32/53 (60·4%) | 3 (10·7%) | <0·0001ᵋ |
| 0 | 21/53 (39·6%) | 25/28 (89·3%) | 0·0003ᵋ |
| 1-25% | 3/53 (5·7%) | 0/28 (0·0%) | |
| 26 - 50% | 8/53 (15·1%) | 2/28(7·1%) | |
| 51 - 75% | 9/53 (17·0%) | 0/28 (0·0%) | |
| > 75% | 12/53 (22·6%) | 1/28 (3·6%) | |
| Cardiac MRI | |||
| T1, T2, post contrast T1 mapping analysis | |||
| Native T1 (basal myocardium), ms | 1179·7 (34·4) | 1149·3 (24·0) | 0·0001 |
| > 1197 ms (>2SD from control mean) | 13/50 (26·0%) | 1/28 (3·7%) | 0·015ᵋ |
| Native T1 (mid myocardium), ms | 1173·1 (33·6) | 1150·2 (32·4) | 0·004 |
| > 1215 ms (>2SD from control mean) | 4/51 (7·8%) | 0/28 (0·0%) | 0·29ᵋ |
| Native T1 (apical myocardium), ms | 1177·4 (44·7) | 1168·3 (53·2) | 0·42 |
| > 1275 ms (>2SD from control mean) | 1/50 (2·0%) | 1/28 (3·6%) | 1·00ᵋ |
| Extracellular volume (basal myocardium), % | 30·4 (28·3 - 31·3) | 28·3 (26·8 - 31·5) | 0·12 |
| Extracellular volume (mid myocardium), % | 30·1 (27·2 - 31·4) | 29·4 (27·1 - 30·7) | 0·41⁺ |
| Extracellular volume (apical myocardium), % | 28·7 (27·0 - 31·6) | 29·7 (27·2 - 31·5) | 0·51⁺ |
| T2 (basal myocardium), ms | 41·7 (2·2) | 41·6 (2·2) | 0·80 |
| T2 (mid myocardium), ms | 41·8 (2·2) | 41·1 (2·3) | 0·21 |
| T2 (apical myocardium), ms | 43·5 (3·0) | 43·7 (3·5) | 0·81⁺ |
| Late gadolinium enhancement analysis | |||
| % LGE enhancement, % of left ventricular mass | 0·8 (0·5 - 1·9) | 0·6 (0·3 - 1·0) | 0·023+ |
| Myocarditis pattern | 6/52 (11·5%) | 2/28 (7·4%) | 0·47ᵋ |
| Myocardial infarction | 1/52 (1·9%) | 0 (0·0%) | |
| LV/RV insertion point | 7/52 (13·5%) | 1/28 (3·7%) | |
| Mixed | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Liver analysis | |||
| T1, ms | 832·4 (127·4) | 778·1 (98·2) | 0·059 |
| T2*, ms | 17·7 (4·4) | 17·2 (3·49) | 0·60 |
| Iron-corrected liver T1, ms¶ | 861·0 (99·2) | 803·9 (106·6) | 0·019 |
| > 1016ms (>2SD from control mean) | 5/52 (9·6%) | 1/28 (3·6%) | 0·66ᵋ |
| Average proton density fat fraction, % | 4·9 (3·1 - 9·5) | 3·7 (2·1 - 6·5) | 0·18⁺ |
| Extracellular volume, % | 27·3 (23·0 - 31·2) | 27·3 (17·6 - 33·6) | 0·60+ |
| Renal analysis | |||
| T1 map anaylsis | |||
| Average cortex, ms | 1597·5 (91·2) | 1523·1 (65·5) | 0·0003 |
| > 1652 ms (>2SD from control mean)) | 15/51 (29·4%) | 0/28 (0·0%) | 0·001ᵋ |
| Average corticomedullary differentiation, ms | 385·4 (335·8 - 456·4) | 470·8 (431·5 - 496·3) | 0·0002⁺ |
| Brain analysis& | |||
| T2-FLAIR volumes | |||
| White matter hyperintensities, mm³ | 2305·0 (1402·0 - 4021·0) | 1457·0 (654·2 - 2700·5) | 0·085& |
| Periventricular white matter hyperintensities, mm³ | 1884·0 (1172·0-3303·0) | 1305·0 (525·0 - 2284·8) | 0·066& |
| Deep white matter hyperintensities, mm³ | 330·5 (141·0 - 863·0) | 213·0 (83·5 - 416·8) | 0·20& |
| Susceptibility-weighted imaging, T2* | |||
| Left thalamus, ms | 44·2 (42·0 - 46·1) | 42·8 (39·9 - 45·3) | 0·047& |
| Right thalamus, ms | 43·9 (41·7 - 45·8) | 42·4 (40·2 - 45·0) | 0·034& |
| Left and right thalamus, ms | 43.9 (42.0 - 45.8) | 42.6 (40.3 - 45.2) | 0·022& |
| Diffusion weighted imaging, Mean diffusivity | |||
| Right posterior thalamic radiation, x10⁻⁶ mm²/s | 842·0 (804·5 - 871·2) | 813·0 (787·0 - 832·8) | 0·20& |
| Left posterior thalamic radiation, x10⁻⁶ mm²/s | 831·0 (814·5 - 851·5) | 811·0 (792·2 - 828·8) | 0·042& |
| Right sagittal stratum, x10⁻⁶ mm²/s | 840·0 (799·5 - 863·5) | 813·0 (789·2 - 828·5) | 0·022& |
| Left sagittal stratum, x10⁻⁶ mm²/s | 789·0 (776·5 - 814·0) | 787·0 (767·2 - 791·5) | 0·078& |
| Left and right (averaged) sagittal stratum, x10⁻⁶ mm²/s | 810·0 (791·0 - 834·0) | 791·5 (779·5 - 808·8) | 0·020& |
Data are median (IQR) for non-parametric data and mean (SD) for parametric data, and n/N (%), where N is the total number of participants with available data. p-values from independent Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test (⁺), or Fisher's exact test (ᵋ). Brain image derived phenotypes (IDPs) were Gaussianised and deconfounded for typical brain confounders. p-values for brain measurements were derived from a Gaussianised deconfounded model (&) and relate to independent Student's t-test comparison of this data. Raw data are presented in the table for ease of interpretation. All other parameters are listed in the appendix Table 2. An in-house algorithm was used to calculate iron-corrected T1, so these values cannot be compared to the LiverMultiScan cT1. FLAIR = Fluid attenuated inversion recovery. LV = left ventricle. LGE = Late gadolinium enhancement. RV = right ventricle. Control subjects were matched for co-morbidities as closely as possible.