Table 4.
Anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), quality of life (SF-36) and symptom (dyspnoea, fatigue) burden in patients and controls.
| COVID-19 | CONTROL | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAD-7 | |||
| Score | 2·0 (0·0 - 7·5) | 0·5 (0·0 - 4·3) | 0·066+ |
| 0 – 4 (Minimal) | 35/57 (61·4%) | 23/30 (76·7%) | |
| 5 – 9 (Mild) | 14/57 (24·6%) | 6/30 (20·0%) | |
| 10 – 14 (Moderate) | 3/57 (5·3%) | 1/30 (3·3%) | |
| ≥15 (Severe) | 5/57 (8·8%) | 0/30 (0·0%) | |
| Moderate or worse anxiety | |||
| ≥10 (Moderate or more) | 8/57 (14%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.16ᵋ |
| PHQ-9 | |||
| Score | 3·0 (1·0 - 7·5) | 1·5 (0·0 - 5·0) | 0·009+ |
| 0 - 4 (Minimal) | 33/57 (57·9%) | 21/30 (70·0%) | |
| 5 - 9 (Mild)– | 13/57 (22·8%) | 8/30 (26·7%) | |
| 10 - 14 (Moderate)– | 7/57 (12·3%) | 1/30 (3·3%) | |
| ≥15 (Moderately severe or severe) | 4/57 (7·0%) | 0/30 (0·0%) | |
| Moderate or worse mood symptoms | |||
| ≥10 (Moderate or more) | 11/57 (19·3%) | 1/30 (3·3%) | 0.051ᵋ |
| SF-36 Domains | |||
| Physical Functioning | 65·0 (45·0 - 90·0) | 92·5 (83·8 - 100·0) | <0·0001⁺ |
| Role Limitations Due to Physical Health | 25·0 (0·0 - 75·0) | 100·0 (100·0 - 100·0) | <0·0001⁺ |
| Role Limitations Due to Emotional Health | 33·3 (0·0 - 100·0) | 100·0 (100·0 - 100·0) | <0·0001⁺ |
| Energy | 45·0 (25·0 - 70·0) | 65·0 (55·0 - 80·0) | <0·0001⁺ |
| Emotional Well-Being | 76·0 (62·0 - 88·0) | 84·0 (72·0 - 92·0) | 0·044⁺ |
| Social Functioning | 50·0 (37·5 - 87·5) | 100·0 (62·5 - 100·0) | 0·0002⁺ |
| Pain | 67·5 (35·0 - 90·0) | 85·0 (67·5 - 100·0) | 0·003⁺ |
| General Health | 68·8 (43·8 - 81·3) | 75·0 (60·9 - 87·5) | 0·022⁺ |
| Dyspnoea - 12 symptom score | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4·0 (1·0 - 11·0) | 0·0 (0 -1·5) | <0·0001+ |
| Fatigue Severity Scale | |||
| Median (IQR) | 34 (18 - 49) | 17 (11 - 24) | 0·001+ |
| /≥4 | 30/55 (54·5%) | 5/29 (17·2%) | 0·010ᵋ |
| Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale | |||
| MRC grade 2 - 5 | 36/56 (64·3%) | 3/29 (10·3%) | <0·0001ᵋ |
Data are median (IQR) and n/N (%), where N is the total number of participants with available data. p-values from Mann-Whitney U test (+) or Fisher's exact test (ᵋ). GAD-7 = Generalised anxiety disorder-7 assessment. PHQ-9 = Patient health questionnaire-9 assessment. SF-36 = Short form 36. MRC = Medical Research Council Scale. Control subjects were matched for co-morbidities as closely as possible.