Table 2.
Subgroup analysis to assess the effect of probiotics on hs-CRP and oxidative stress markers in diabetic nephropathy.
| Sub group by | No. of trials | WMD (95% CI) | P Value | P for heterogeneity | I2 (%) | P for between subgroup heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hs-CRP∗ | ||||||
| Total | 3 | -1.53 (-2.38, -0.69) | <0.001 | 0.878 | 0.0 | ||
| Probiotics Dose (billion CFU) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 1 | -1.70 (-3.43, 0.03) | 0.054 | - | - | 0.827 | |
| >5 | 2 | -1.48 (-2.45, -0.51) | 0.003 | 0.644 | 0.0 | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| ≤30 | 2 | -1.48 (-2.45, -0.51) | 0.003 | 0.644 | 0.0 | 0.827 | |
| >30 | 1 | -1.70 (-3.43, 0.03) | 0.054 | - | - | ||
| 2 | GSH | ||||||
| Total | 4 | 73.84 (24.3, 123.29) | 0.003 | 0.012 | 72.4 | ||
| Study Duration (Weeks) | |||||||
| ≤10 weeks | 1 | 111.30 (76.04, 146.56) | <0.001 | - | - | 0.017 | |
| >10 weeks | 3 | 57.21 (0.32, 114.10) | 0.049 | 0.074 | 61.6 | ||
| Disease Duration (Years) | |||||||
| ≤10 years | 1 | 111.30 (76.04, 146.56) | <0.001 | - | - | 0.017 | |
| >10 years | 3 | 57.21 (0.32, 114.10) | 0.049 | 0.074 | 61.6 | ||
| Probiotics Dose (billion CFU) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 2 | 71.26 (-8.99, 151.50) | 0.082 | 0.004 | 88.1 | 0.799 | |
| >5 | 2 | 76.27 (-4.95, 157.49) | 0.066 | 0.122 | 58.1 | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| ≤30 | 3 | 97.31 (57.08, 137.54) | <0.001 | 0.213 | 35.3 | 0.005 | |
| >30 | 1 | 29.40 (-13.18, 71.98) | 0.176 | - | - | ||
| 3 | MDA | ||||||
| Total | 4 | -0.62 (-1.18, -0.06) | 0.030 | <0.001 | 94.7 | ||
| Study Duration (Weeks) | |||||||
| ≤10 weeks | 1 | 0.01 (-0.06, 0.08) | 0.792 | - | - | <0.001 | |
| >10 weeks | 3 | -0.77 (-0.96, -0.58) | <0.001 | 0.405 | 0.0 | ||
| Disease Duration (Years) | |||||||
| ≤10 years | 1 | 0.01 (-0.06, 0.08) | 0.792 | - | - | <0.001 | |
| >10 years | 3 | -0.77 (-0.96, -0.58) | <0.001 | 0.405 | 0.0 | ||
| Probiotics Dose (billion CFU) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 2 | -0.89 (-1.32, -0.46) | 0.352 | <0.001 | 95.3 | <0.001 | |
| >5 | 2 | -0.33 (-1.03, 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.230 | 30.5 | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| ≤30 | 3 | -0.61 (-1.31, 0.10) | 0.093 | <0.001 | 94.9 | <0.001 | |
| >30 | 1 | -0.70 (-0.99, -0.41) | <0.001 | - | - | ||
| 4 | TAC | ||||||
| Total | 4 | 26.54 (6.23, 46.85) | 0.010 | 0.544 | 0.0 | ||
| Study Duration (Weeks) | |||||||
| ≤10 weeks | 1 | 21.80 (0.15, 43.45) | 0.048 | - | - | 0.216 | |
| >10 weeks | 3 | 61.27 (2.66, 119.87) | 0.040 | 0.738 | 0.0 | ||
| Disease Duration (Years) | |||||||
| ≤10 years | 1 | 21.80 (0.15, 43.45) | 0.048 | - | - | 0.216 | |
| >10 years | 3 | 61.27 (2.66, 119.87) | 0.040 | 0.738 | 0.0 | ||
| Probiotics Dose (billion CFU) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 2 | 23.24 (2.23, 44.25) | 0.020 | 0.587 | 0.0 | 0.231 | |
| >5 | 2 | 73.21 (-5.85, 152.28) | 0.070 | 0.520 | 0.0 | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| ≤30 | 3 | 25.39 (4.51, 46.27) | 0.017 | 0.563 | 0.0 | 0.642 | |
| >30 | 1 | 46.70 (-40.61, 134.01) | 0.294 | - | - | ||
| 5 | NO∗ | ||||||
| Total | 3 | 0.45 (-1.91, 2.80) | 0.711 | 0.270 | 23.6 | ||
| Probiotics Dose (billion CFU) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 1 | -0.50 (-2.05, 1.05) | 0.526 | - | - | 0.118 | |
| >5 | 2 | 2.87 (-1.06, 6.80) | 0.152 | 0.680 | 0.0 | ||
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| ≤30 | 2 | 2.87 (-1.06, 6.80) | 0.152 | 0.680 | 0.0 | 0.118 | |
| >30 | 1 | -0.50 (-2.05, 1.05) | 0.526 | - | - | ||
hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, total glutathione; NO, nitric oxide.
∗
All the studies which assessed the hs-CRP and NO had a duration of 12 weeks, and disease duration of >10 years; so subgroup analysis was not performed across the selected variables.