Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Medical therapy | Bariatric surgery | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 338 | 49 | |||
| Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (year) | 51.12 | 9.64 | 44.94 | 11.01 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male %) | 62.72 | 40.82 | 0.005 | ||
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 8.72 | 5.55 | 7.02 | 4.81 | 0.036 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.94 | 12.52 | 95.88 | 20.63 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99.59 | 10.01 | 112.67 | 15.04 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.02 | 3.93 | 36.11 | 6.90 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) * | 7.91 | 1.40 | 8.80 | 1.53 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)* | 155.91 | 47.13 | 181.67 | 63.17 | 0.016 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 95.95 | 25.39 | 106.98 | 35.52 | 0.040 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41.60 | 8.93 | 40.86 | 9.39 | 0.59 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | 181.24 | 126.38 | 294.86 | 295.87 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.52 | 13.64 | 135.64 | 13.70 | 0.31 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.23 | 10.19 | 83.04 | 7.64 | 0.88 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)* | 0.87 | 0.22 | 0.87 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
| Urine albumin–creatinine ratio (mg/g)* | 119.0 | 415.0 | 538.8 | 2836.1 | 0.001 |
| eGFR-MDRD (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.69 | 20.94 | 87.95 | 22.41 | 0.82 |
| eGFR-CKD EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.05 | 17.96 | 95.16 | 22.42 | 0.53 |
| Pulse (/min) | 81.26 | 10.94 | 88.24 | 11.27 | < 0.001 |
| Toe tuning fork score, right | 6.87 | 1.01 | 7.01 | 0.84 | 0.50 |
| Toe tuning fork score, left | 6.84 | 0.97 | 7.05 | 0.83 | 0.32 |
| Ankle reflex score, right (0, 0.5, 1)* | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
| Ankle reflex score, left (0, 0.5, 1)* | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
| 10-g monofilament score, right* | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 |
| 10-g monofilament score, left* | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.51 |
| Visual acuity, right* | 0.77 | 0.27 | 0.76 | 0.34 | 0.47 |
| Visual acuity, left* | 0.79 | 0.26 | 0.81 | 0.32 | 0.14 |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy, right | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.47 |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy, left | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.58 |
| Proliferative retinopathy, right | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.56 |
| Proliferative retinopathy, left | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.56 |
| All retinopathy | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.71 | 0.64 |
| Metformin | 0.85 | 0.20 | < 0.001 | ||
| Sulfonylurea | 0.60 | 0.082 | < 0.001 | ||
| Glitazone | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.38 | ||
| DPP4 inhibitor | 0.44 | 0.082 | < 0.001 | ||
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.12 | 0.0 | 0.002 | ||
| GLP-1 analogues | 0.023 | 0.0 | 0.36 | ||
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 0.015 | 0.0 | 0.51 | ||
| Insulin | 0.22 | 0.061 | 0.004 | ||
| ACE inhibitor /ARB | 0.47 | 0.10 | < 0.001 | ||
| Other anti-hypertensives | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.32 | ||
| Statins | 0.56 | 0.24 | < 0.001 | ||
| Anti-platelet therapy | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.58 | ||
*Wilcoxon rank sum test
Toe tuning fork test, 0 to 8 points when the magnitude of vibrating fork decreased
Ankle reflex score 0, present; 0.5, present after enhancement; 1, absent
10-g monofilament score 0, present (> 8 points); 0.5, attenuated (1–7 points); 1, absent (0 point)
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density cholesterol; eGFR MDRD, estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation
CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration
DPP4-inhbitors, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
All statistically non-significant values to non-bold and all statistically significant values to bold