Table 2.
Changes after follow-up for 24 months adjusted by multiple regression
| Medical therapy | Bariatric surgery | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 338 | 49 | P | P** | ||
| Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Change of weight (kg) | − 0.78 | 5.23 | − 24.50 | 17.31 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of waist circumference (cm) | − 0.34 | 6.52 | − 21.59 | 12.40 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of Body mass index (kg/m2) | − 0.33 | 1.79 | − 9.22 | 4.43 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of HbA1c (%)* | − 0.35 | 1.24 | − 2.88 | 1.52 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of fasting glucose (mg/dL)* | − 10.75 | 55.82 | − 75.57 | 66.70 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | − 2.27 | 25.48 | − 12.91 | 50.17 | 0.1 | 0.013 |
| Change of HLD cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.83 | 20.75 | 11.49 | 11.05 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Change of triglycerides (mg/dL)* | − 5.07 | 132.47 | − 187.9 | 271.73 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | − 1.00 | 15.34 | − 19.10 | 29.56 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | − 3.99 | 10.32 | − 12.78 | 17.50 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of creatinine (mg/dL)* | 0.54 | 6.64 | − 0.07 | 0.23 | < 0.001 | 0.94*** |
| Change of albumin–creatinine ratio (mg/g)* | 16.34 | 270.9 | − 354.3 | 1923.5 | < 0.001 | 0.002*** |
| Change of eGFR-MDRD (mL/min/1.73 m2) | − 4.10 | 14.77 | 5.37 | 18.53 | 0.001 | 0.002*** |
| Chang of eGFR-CKD EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | − 3.35 | 12.59 | 3.80 | 15.72 | 0.004 | 0.012*** |
| Change of pulse (/min) | 1.11 | 9.90 | − 16.95 | 22.97 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Change of toe tuning fork score, right* | − 0.04 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.042 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Change of toe tuning fork score, left* | 0.02 | 0.96 | 0.33 | 0.94 | 0.016 | 0.013 |
| Change of ankle reflex score, right* | 0.00 | 0.11 | − 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.076 | 0.14 |
| Change of ankle reflex score, left* | 0.00 | 0.13 | − 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.078 | 0.27 |
| Change of monofilament score, right* | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.47 |
| Change of monofilament score, left* | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.79 |
| Change of visual acuity, right* | − 0.08 | 0.35 | − 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.88 |
| Change of visual acuity, left* | − 0.06 | 0.36 | − 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
| Change of non-proliferative retinopathy status, right (%) | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.57 | 0.99 | 0.53 |
| Change of non-proliferative retinopathy status, left (%) | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.57 | 0.84 | 0.85 |
| Change of proliferative retinopathy, left (%) | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.54 |
| Change of proliferative retinopathy (%) | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.62 |
| Metformin | 0.038 | 0.0 | 0.43 | |||
| Sulfonylurea | 0.0059 | 0.0 | 0.91 | |||
| Glitazone | 0.021 | − 0.041 | 0.017 | |||
| DPP4-inhibitor | − 0.03 | 0.0 | 0.66 | |||
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.047 | 0.02 | 0.52 | |||
| GLP-1 analogues | 0.015 | 0 | 0.84 | |||
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | − 0.006 | 0.02 | 0.051 | |||
| Insulin | − 0.012 | − 0.041 | 0.41 | |||
| ACE inhibitor /ARB | 0.02 | − 0.02 | 0.47 | |||
| Other anti-hypertensives | 0.030 | − 0.12 | 0.0042 | |||
| Statins | 0.11 | − 0.04 | 0.043 | |||
| Anti-platelet therapy | 0.0088 | − 0.02 | 0.43 | |||
*Wilcoxon rank-sum test
**adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, HbA1c, LDL-C, blood pressure, duration of diabetes
***adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, LDL-C, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, use of GLP-1 agonists and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers
Toe tuning fork test 0–8 points when the magnitude of vibrating fork decreased
Ankle reflex score 0, present; 0.5, present after enhancement; 1, absent
10-g monofilament score 0, present (> 8 points); 0.5, attenuated (1–7 points); 1, absent (0 point)
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density cholesterol; eGFR MDRD, estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers
All statistically non-significant values to non-bold and all statistically significant values to bold