Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Variable | Patients with BD N = 90 |
Patients with MDD N = 189 |
Healthy Individuals N = 162 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 26.44 (5.87)a,b | 27.84 (6.19) | 27.77 (5.21) |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 36/54 | 71/118 | 67/95 |
| Education (years) | 14.78 (2.43)a | 14.98 (2.83) | 15.51 (2.75) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 57 (69.51)a,b | 105 (58.01)a | 102 (62.96) |
| Married/cohabitation | 18 (21.95) | 67 (37.02) | 60 (37.04) |
| Divorce/separation | 7 (8.54) | 9 (4.97) | 0 (0.00) |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployment | 13 (16.46)a,b | 52 (32.30)a | 9 (5.56) |
| Part-time employment | 3 (3.80) | 8 (4.97) | 2 (1.23) |
| Full-time employment | 38 (48.10) | 73 (45.34) | 91 (56.17) |
| Students | 25 (31.65) | 28 (17.39) | 60 (37.04) |
| BMI | 22.67 (3.89) | 21.76 (3.62) | 22.42 (2.92) |
| HAMD total score | 21.82 (4.48)a | 21.20 (4.11)a | 1.58 (1.76) |
| YMRS total score | 2.46 (3.17)a,b | 1.11 (1.51) | 1.00 (1.92) |
| HAMA total score | 17.70 (7.04) | 17.05 (6.44) | n/a |
| Age of onset (years) | 20.16 (5.52)b | 25.13 (7.17) | n/a |
| Number of episodes | 5.37 (6.31)b | 1.65 (1.08) | n/a |
| Illness duration (months) | 73.48 (57.31)b | 45.00 (55.30) | n/a |
| GAF score | 51.62 (6.39)b | 54.67 (6.50) | n/a |
| SDS score | n/a | ||
| SDS-work/study | 6.68 (2.86) | 7.37 (8.96) | |
| SDS-social life | 6.48 (2.70) | 6.35 (2.53) | |
| SDS-family life | 6.27 (2.72) | 5.73 (2.81) | |
| Positive family history of psychiatric disorders | 16 (21.05) | 26 (15.95) | 0 (0.00) |
| Never medicated | 52 (67.53) | 114 (70.80) | n/a |
Continuous variables are shown as mean (standard deviation); Employment status, marital status, medication status, and family history are shown as number (percentage).
BD bipolar disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, BMI body mass index, HAMD Hamilton depression scale, YMRS Young Mania rating scale, HAMA Hamilton anxiety scale, GAF global assessment of function, SDS Sheehan disability scale, n/a not available or not applicable.
aDifferences between each diagnostic group and healthy individuals at PFDR < 0.05.
bDifferences between the two diagnostic groups at PFDR < 0.05; further details in the Supplemental Material.