Table 7.
Results of country-wise long-run estimations (FMOLS)
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | t-value | P value | Coefficient | t-value | P value | Coefficient | t-value | P value | |
| Brazil | |||||||||
| LnREM | 0.0115 | 0.73 | 0.474 | 0.8754* | 1.90 | 0.074 | 1.3554*** | 3.28 | 0.004 |
| LnFD | 0.1836*** | 3.27 | 0.004 | 0.2779** | 2.46 | 0.025 | 0.1833*** | 3.68 | 0.002 |
| LnGDP | 11.5291*** | 3.02 | 0.007 | 2.1976 | 0.42 | 0.676 | − 0.7612*** | − 3.73 | 0.002 |
| LnGDP2 | − 0.4861*** | − 2.91 | 0.009 | − 0.0660 | − 0.29 | 0.777 | 0.0668*** | 10.16 | 0.000 |
| LnENG | 0.5483** | 2.42 | 0.026 | 0.1562 | 0.51 | 0.620 | 0.0751 | 0.32 | 0.752 |
| LnURP | 0.0644 | 0.59 | 0.561 | 0.0585 | 0.47 | 0.646 | 0.0621 | 0.61 | 0.547 |
| LnTE | − 0.0322 | − 0.43 | 0.676 | 0.1154 | 1.28 | 0.218 | 0.0979 | 1.41 | 0.175 |
| LnREM*LnFD | − 0.0287 | 1.05 | 0.037 | ||||||
| LnREM*LnTE | − 0.0182** | − 2.29 | 0.034 | ||||||
| India | |||||||||
| LnREM | 0.0705** | 2.73 | 0.013 | 0.5686*** | 3.03 | 0.007 | 0.7051** | 2.83 | 0.011 |
| LnFD | 0.0063 | 0.10 | 0.918 | 1.0987*** | 4.36 | 0.000 | 0.0282 | 0.54 | 0.598 |
| LnGDP | − 2.7239 | − 1.18 | 0.255 | − 1.1881 | − 0.81 | 0.428 | 0.8089*** | 3.75 | 0.002 |
| LnGDP2 | 0.1213 | 1.24 | 0.229 | 0.0565 | 0.92 | 0.371 | − 0.0272*** | − 2.97 | 0.008 |
| LnENG | 0.6185*** | 3.46 | 0.003 | 0.4490*** | 3.98 | 0.001 | 0.2669 | 1.59 | 0.127 |
| LnURP | 0.2216*** | 3.62 | 0.002 | − 0.0124 | − 0.51 | 0.618 | 0.0430 | 1.39 | 0.179 |
| LnTE | − 0.1118*** | − 3.87 | 0.001 | 0.0971*** | 5.15 | 0.000 | 0.0366 | 1.07 | 0.298 |
| LnREM*LnFD | − 0.1798*** | − 3.68 | 0.001 | ||||||
| LnREM*LnTE | − 0.0692** | − 2.64 | 0.017 | ||||||
| China | |||||||||
| LnREM | 0.0193 | 0.15 | 0.882 | − 1.4192 | − 1.23 | 0.233 | 0.9137 | 1.70 | 0.106 |
| LnFD | 0.4204** | 2.65 | 0.016 | 0.4771** | 2.29 | 0.034 | 0.2391 | 1.62 | 0.123 |
| LnGDP | − 17.1122 | − 1.42 | 0.173 | − 2.3469*** | − 4.49 | 0.000 | − 2.333*** | − 4.41 | 0.000 |
| LnGDP2 | 0.7722 | 1.32 | 0.202 | 0.0623** | 2.29 | 0.035 | 0.0664** | 2.42 | 0.027 |
| LnENG | 2.6687*** | 6.32 | 0.000 | 2.5927*** | 5.87 | 0.000 | 2.3758*** | 5.05 | 0.000 |
| LnURP | − 1.0021*** | − 3.51 | 0.003 | − 0.7383*** | − 2.89 | 0.009 | − 0.6749*** | − 2.63 | 0.017 |
| LnTE | − 0.1849 | − 1.67 | 0.111 | 0.2398** | 2.16 | 0.044 | 0.2933** | 2.53 | 0.021 |
| LnREM*LnFD | − 0.5719 | − 1.19 | 0.250 | ||||||
| LnREM*LnTE | − 0.1965* | − 1.88 | 0.077 | ||||||
| South Africa | |||||||||
| LnREM | 0.0443*** | 3.29 | 0.004 | 0.3762* | 2.10 | 0.051 | 1.3961*** | 4.26 | 0.000 |
| LnFD | 0.0251 | 0.20 | 0.843 | 1.0122** | 2.21 | 0.041 | 0.0170 | 0.19 | 0.846 |
| LnGDP | 8.2896 | 1.32 | 0.203 | 12.9111** | 2.50 | 0.023 | 11.9635** | 2.77 | 0.013 |
| LnGDP2 | − 0.3605 | − 1.28 | 0.214 | − 0.5605** | − 2.45 | 0.124 | − 0.5212** | − 2.71 | 0.015 |
| LnENG | 0.3957 | 1.59 | 0.129 | − 0.3215 | − 1.62 | 0.000 | − 0.1740 | − 1.02 | 0.322 |
| LnURP | 0.1372*** | 4.19 | 0.001 | 0.1214*** | 4.57 | 0.606 | 0.1106*** | 4.77 | 0.000 |
| LnTE | − 0.0151 | − 0.27 | 0.794 | 0.0239 | 0.53 | 0.032 | 0.7843*** | 4.48 | 0.000 |
| LnREM*LnFD | − 0.2267** | − 2.33 | 0.017 | ||||||
| LnREM*LnTE | − 0.1878*** | − 4.38 | 0.000 | ||||||
Note: ***, **, and * indicate significance level at 1%, 5%, and 10%