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. 2021 Jan 14;11:1429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80734-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sexually dimorphic changes in _exmiRNAs in response to PAE. Bootstrap resampling of _exmiRNA expression at T_2wk (left) and T_6.5mo (right). The population including both male and female samples (gray) was resampled 2000 times with replacement and the proportion of significant p-values (ANCOVA with cigarettes/day as a covariate) across the iterations is shown. The population was then resampled with only male (blue) or only female (red) infants. _exmiRNAs that were more likely to be significantly altered when examined in a single sex than in the combined population are in the yellow region and are likely to be altered in a sex-specific manner in response to PAE.