Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Controls (n = 31) | PAE (n = 37) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or % | SD | Range | Mean or % | SD | Range | t or c2 | p-value | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at delivery (year) | 25 | 4.9 | 18.0 to 36.7 | 28.3 | 6.1 | 19.1 to 43.1 | 2.47 | 0.016 |
| Education (year) | 9.7 | 2.2 | 1.0 to 12.0 | 9.6 | 1.5 | 6.0 to 12.0 | 0.29 | 0.776 |
| Socioeconomic status# | 23.7 | 7.3 | 8.0 to 37.0 | 22.7 | 7.2 | 9.5 to 50.0 | 0.59 | 0.557 |
| Marital status (% married) | 51.6 | 37.8 | 1.3 | 0.255 | ||||
| Parity | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1 to 5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1 to 7 | 0.97 | 0.336 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 0.5 | 0.3 | − 0.3 to 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | − 0.7 to 1.3 | 0.35 | 0.729 |
| Average daily caloric intake (kJ) | 9843.40 | 3198.1 | 3706.8 to 20,308.9 | 9427.60 | 3058 | 2660.2 to 15,783.4 | 0.54 | 0.589 |
| Pregnancy alcohol use† | ||||||||
| At conception | ||||||||
| AA/day | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.0 to 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 to 3.2 | 9.69 | < 0.001 |
| AA/occasion | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 to 1.7 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 0.0 to 9.8 | 9.9 | < 0.001 |
| Frequency (day/week) | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.0 to 0.3 | 2.1 | 1 | 0.0 to 4.0 | 12.8 | < 0.001 |
| Across pregnancy | ||||||||
| AA/day | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.0 to 0.01 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 to 2.4 | 8.1 | < 0.001 |
| AA/occasion | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 to 1.3 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.7 to 11.9 | 11.3 | < 0.001 |
| Frequency (day/week) | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.0 to 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 3.0 | 9.71 | < 0.001 |
| Pregnancy cigarettes/day | 3.3 | 4 | 0.0 to 16.7 | 5 | 4.7 | 0.0 to 20.0 | 1.55 | 0.126 |
| Pregnancy marijuana (day/month) | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.0 to 14.0 | 1.2 | 4.7 | 0.0 to 21.0 | 0.69 | 0.491 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex (% male) | 54.8 | 45.9 | 0.53 | 0.465 | ||||
| Gestational age at 1st antenatal visit (week) | 27.6 | 4.9 | 14.1 to 34.6 | 24.4 | 5.7 | 9.4 to 38.4 | 2.38 | 0.020 |
| Gestational age at delivery (week) | 39.2 | 1.9 | 33.7 to 41.6 | 38.9 | 1.9 | 30.9 to 42.0 | 0.7 | 0.489 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3151 | 543.2 | 1940 to 4400 | 3016.50 | 578.6 | 2220 to 4900 | 0.98 | 0.330 |
| Birth length (cm) | 48.9 | 3.3 | 40.0 to 54.0 | 48.8 | 2.7 | 43.0 to 53.0 | 0.18 | 0.855 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) | 33.9 | 1.8 | 31.0 to 38.0 | 33.3 | 1.5 | 30.0 to 36.0 | 1.47 | 0.147 |
| Age at 2-wk visit (month) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 to 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 to 1.4 | 1.16 | 0.251 |
| Age at 6.5-month visit (month) | 6.6 | 0.4 | 5.7 to 8.0 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 5.8 to 7.1 | 1.17 | 0.244 |
| Fagan novelty preference (%) | 61 | 6.7 | 43.6 to 72.8 | 60.5 | 5.9 | 46.9 to 71.29 | 0.3 | 0.765 |
| 6.5-month WHO growth z-score | ||||||||
| Weight-for-age | 0.3 | 0.8 | − 1.64 to 1.57 | − 0.8 | 1 | − 2.2 to 1.43 | 4.66 | < 0.001 |
| Length-for-age | − 0.4 | 1.1 | − 3.3 to 2.31 | − 1.2 | 1 | − 3.3 to 0.6 | 3.25 | 0.002 |
| Head circumference-for-age | -0.1 | 0.8 | − 2.09 to 1.45 | − 0.9 | 0.8 | − 2.3 to 0.5 | 4.40 | < 0.001 |
SD, Standard deviation; AA, absolute alcohol measured in ounces; WHO, World Health Organization.
#Based on Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Status Scale42.
†One ounce is equivalent to 28 g or 30 ml absolute alcohol.