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. 2021 Jan 14;11:52. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01189-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — (A) Secretion of IL-1β from THP-1 macrophages pre-treated with phenolic metabolites and then stimulated with LPS and ATP. MG: malvidin-glucoside. DG: delphinidin-glucoside. QG: quercetin-glucuronide. CG: Cyanidin-glucoside. HBA: 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. HPPA: 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid. HPA: 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. DHCA: 3-(3′, 4′-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid. HPVA: 5-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid. (B) Release of LDH from THP-1 macrophages pre-treated with phenolic metabolites then stimulated with LPS and ATP. (C) Secretion of IL-1β from mouse primary microglia pre-treated with phenolic metabolites and then stimulated with LPS and ATP. (D) Secretion of IL-1β in mouse primary microglia pre-treated with increasing concentrations of MG and stimulated with LPS and ATP. (E) Calculation of IC₅₀ of IL-1β secretion in response to MG pretreatment and LPS and ATP stimulation. (F) Cytotoxicity of microglial cultures in response to MG pre-treatment, measured by LDH release. N = 3–4 biological replicates/group, performed in duplicate. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by Student’s t-test.