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. 2021 Jan 14;11:1299. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80565-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alterations in the expression of transcriptional factors of Toll, IMD and JAK-STAT immune-signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptide attacin 34 (Att34), heat-shock protein (Hsp90) and DUOX regulator (Mesh) in the midgut of Colorado potato beetle larvae at 48 h after topical treatment with M. robertsii conidia, oral administration of avermectins and the combined treatment. Data were normalized based on the expression of two reference genes, Rp4 and Arf19. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (Dunn’s test, P < 0.05).