Table 3.
Coefficients From the Hierarchical Regression Analyses on the Effect of Age of Onset of Musical Training on Musical Aptitude and Musical Achievement
| Variable | Sex | Age | Age of onset | Total practice |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Musician sample | ||||
| Musical aptitude | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.26 (p = .07) |
0.05 (p = .47) |
−0.21 (p = .005) |
|
| Model 2 | 0.27 (p = .07) |
0.08 (p = .51) |
−0.21 (p = .006) |
−0.03 (p = .78) |
| Musical achievement | ||||
| Model 1 |
0.74 (p < .001) |
0.30 (p < .001) |
−0.16 (p = .003) |
|
| Model 2 |
0.70 (p < .001) |
−0.13 (p = .12) |
−0.08 (p = .14) |
0.55 (p < .001) |
| Twin sample | ||||
| Musical aptitude | ||||
| Model 1 |
0.25 (p < .001) |
−0.06 (p < .001) |
−0.12 (p < .001) |
|
| Model 2 |
0.20 (p < .001) |
−0.10 (p < .001) |
−0.05 (p < .001) |
0.22 (p < .001) |
| Musical achievement | ||||
| Model 1 |
0.18 (p < .001) |
−0.05 (p < .001) |
−0.20 (p < .001) |
|
| Model 2 | 0.03 (p = .33) |
−0.17 (p < .001) |
−0.01 (p = .59) |
0.65 (p < .001) |
Note: Model 1 included sex, age, and age of onset of musical training, whereas Model 2 included sex, age, total practice, and age of onset of musical training. All variables (except sex) were standardized. Values in boldface are significant.