Table 5.
Standardized Estimates of Additive Genetic (A), Shared Environmental (C), and Nonshared Environmental (E) Influences on Age of Onset of Musical Training, Musical Aptitude, and Musical Achievement and the Associations Between Age of Onset and Musical Aptitude and Age of Onset and Musical Achievement Explained by A, C, and E Influences
| Factor | Heritability | Bivariate heritability | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of onset | Musical aptitude | Musical achievement | Age of onset and musical aptitude | Age of onset and musical achievement | |
| A | 39% | 66% | 36% | 49% | 16% |
| C | 10% | 7% | 24% | 51% | 84% |
| E | 51% | 28% | 40% | 0% | 0% |
Note: The ACE estimates for musical aptitude and achievement shown here were collapsed across sex, whereas women and men were analyzed separately in previous studies using this sample (for musical aptitude, see Mosing, Madison, Pedersen, Kuja-Halkola, & Ullén, 2014; for musical achievement, see Wesseldijk, Mosing, & Ullén, 2019).