Table 2.
Effects of mosquito saliva, salivary gland extracts, and salivary gland proteins on arbovirus infectivity
| Arbovirus | Vector | Model | Infection route | Infectivity | Candidate | Immunomodulation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dengue virus | Aedes | C6/36 cells | In vitro | Inhibited | AAEL000598 | NA | 28 |
| Keratinocytes | In vitro | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed IFN, AMP | 74 | ||
| Keratinocytes | In vitro | Enhanced | 34-kDa protein | Suppressed IFN, IRF, AMP | 62 | ||
| Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Long-term effects on IFN and others | 69 | ||
| Mouse | Intradermal | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed TLR7, RelA, IFN, IL-10 | 71 | ||
| Mouse | Intradermal | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed IFN | 70 | ||
| Dengue virus, West Nile virus | Aedes | Fibroblast, mouse | In vitro, intradermal | Enhanced | AAEL005718 | Suppressed TFN-α | 63 |
| West Nile virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intraperitoneal | Inhibited | AAEL011045 | NA | 26 |
| Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 60 | ||
| Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Reduced T cells, suppressed IFN | 72 | ||
| Culex | Mouse | Mosquito bite | NA | D7 | NA | 78 | |
| Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 61 | ||
| Rift Valley fever virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intradermal, mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 64 |
| Chikungunya virus | Aedes | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Induced IL-4, suppressed TLR3 | 57 |
| Cache Valley virus | Aedes, Culex | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 75 |
| La Crosse encephalitis virus | Aedes | Deer, chipmunk | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 66 |
| Western equine encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus | Culex | Bird | Mosquito bite | No change | NA | NA | 67 |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | Aedes | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Enhanced seroconversion | 65 |
| Fibroblast | In vitro | Enhanced | NA | Reduced IFN-α | 73 | ||
| Sindbis virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intradermal | NA | NA | increased IL-10 and IL-4 | 59 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.