Table 2.
Arbovirus | Vector | Model | Infection route | Infectivity | Candidate | Immunomodulation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dengue virus | Aedes | C6/36 cells | In vitro | Inhibited | AAEL000598 | NA | 28 |
Keratinocytes | In vitro | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed IFN, AMP | 74 | ||
Keratinocytes | In vitro | Enhanced | 34-kDa protein | Suppressed IFN, IRF, AMP | 62 | ||
Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Long-term effects on IFN and others | 69 | ||
Mouse | Intradermal | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed TLR7, RelA, IFN, IL-10 | 71 | ||
Mouse | Intradermal | Enhanced | NA | Suppressed IFN | 70 | ||
Dengue virus, West Nile virus | Aedes | Fibroblast, mouse | In vitro, intradermal | Enhanced | AAEL005718 | Suppressed TFN-α | 63 |
West Nile virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intraperitoneal | Inhibited | AAEL011045 | NA | 26 |
Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 60 | ||
Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Reduced T cells, suppressed IFN | 72 | ||
Culex | Mouse | Mosquito bite | NA | D7 | NA | 78 | |
Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 61 | ||
Rift Valley fever virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intradermal, mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 64 |
Chikungunya virus | Aedes | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Induced IL-4, suppressed TLR3 | 57 |
Cache Valley virus | Aedes, Culex | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 75 |
La Crosse encephalitis virus | Aedes | Deer, chipmunk | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | NA | 66 |
Western equine encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus | Culex | Bird | Mosquito bite | No change | NA | NA | 67 |
Vesicular stomatitis virus | Aedes | Mouse | Mosquito bite | Enhanced | NA | Enhanced seroconversion | 65 |
Fibroblast | In vitro | Enhanced | NA | Reduced IFN-α | 73 | ||
Sindbis virus | Aedes | Mouse | Intradermal | NA | NA | increased IL-10 and IL-4 | 59 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.