Table 4.
Results of objective cognitive tests, stratified according to education.
| Education years ≦ 12 | Education years > 12 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 9) | FM (n = 17) | P | Effect size | Controls (n = 39) | FM (n = 27) | P | Effect size | |||||
| MMSE | 29.2 | ± 1.3 | 28.7 | ± 1.2 | 0.111 | 0.377 | 29.5 | ± 0.7 | 29.0 | ± 1.0 | 0.075 | 0.583 |
| Memory | ||||||||||||
| CVVLT−TC | 29.2 | ± 3.7 | 28.5 | ± 2.7 | 0.302 | 0.212 | 30.8 | ± 2.5 | 29.8 | ± 3.1 | 0.312 | 0.353 |
| CVVLT−10 M | 7.1 | ± 2.0 | 7.6 | ± 1.5 | 0.559 | 0.276 | 8.6 | ± 0.6 | 7.9 | ± 1.5 | 0.027 | 0.641 |
| WMS−LM (I) | 12.9 | ± 4.7 | 11.9 | ± 4.4 | 0.627 | 0.207 | 15.2 | ± 3.6 | 13.8 | ± 4.3 | 0.269 | 0.349 |
| WMS−LM (II) | 11.1 | ± 5.7 | 10.1 | ± 4.1 | 0.464 | 0.198 | 14.1 | ± 4.0 | 12.2 | ± 4.5 | 0.121 | 0.439 |
| TY−CFT (delayed recall) | 21.0 | ± 6.6 | 21.2 | ± 7.0 | 0.821 | 0.027 | 34.0 | ± 1.9 | 33.3 | ± 2.0 | 0.041 | 0.351 |
| Visuospatial | ||||||||||||
| TY−CFT (copy) | 32.9 | ± 2.0 | 32.9 | ± 1.7 | 0.870 | 0.000 | 26.6 | ± 5.6 | 23.8 | ± 6.1 | 0.122 | 0.469 |
| Language | ||||||||||||
| BNT | 29.2 | ± 0.8 | 28.7 | ± 0.8 | 0.155 | 0.582 | 29.5 | ± 1.0 | 28.9 | ± 1.0 | 0.002 | 0.584 |
| VFT | 17.8 | ± 3.8 | 17.0 | ± 5.1 | 0.498 | 0.158 | 22.3 | ± 4.6 | 20.1 | ± 5.4 | 0.066 | 0.433 |
| Executive | ||||||||||||
| Digit Span Forward | 8.8 | ± 0.4 | 8.5 | ± 0.7 | 0.288 | 0.453 | 8.6 | ± 0.6 | 8.7 | ± 0.5 | 0.550 | 0.173 |
| Digit Span Backward | 4.9 | ± 1.6 | 4.8 | ± 1.3 | 0.956 | 0.066 | 5.9 | ± 1.1 | 5.8 | ± 1.2 | 0.552 | 0.085 |
| TMT−A (sec) | 12.0 | ± 7.1 | 12.6 | ± 6.1 | 0.705 | 0.087 | 9.1 | ± 4.1 | 10.0 | ± 5.5 | 0.647 | 0.186 |
| TMT−B (sec) | 31.3 | ± 9.5 | 37.1 | ± 19.1 | 0.706 | 0.326 | 21.0 | ± 7.5 | 23.5 | ± 9.5 | 0.422 | 0.291 |
| WCST−TC | 38.1 | ± 13.4 | 32.5 | ± 11.9 | 0.194 | 0.420 | 47.2 | ± 8.2 | 42.1 | ± 9.9 | 0.026 | 0.556 |
| WCST−PR | 15.5 | ± 9.2 | 14.9 | ± 6.0 | 0.918 | 0.077 | 8.0 | ± 5.0 | 11.8 | ± 7.7 | 0.018 | 0.593 |
| WCST−CC | 2.3 | ± 1.6 | 1.6 | ± 1.5 | 0.330 | 0.425 | 3.4 | ± 1.3 | 2.8 | ± 1.4 | 0.080 | 0.435 |
All data are raw score (mean ± SD). Effect sizes are expressed as Hedges' g.
FM fibromyalgia, MMSE Mini–Mental State Examination, CVVLT–TC Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test, total correct, CVVLT–10 M Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test, 10 min recall, WMS–LM (I or II) Wechsler Memory Scale—logic memory test, part I or II, TY–CFT Taylor Complex Figure Test, BNT the modified 30-item Boston Naming Test, VFT Categorical Verbal Fluency Test, TMT a modification of the Trail-Making Test, WCST−TC Wisconsin Card Sorting Test—total number correct, WCST−PR Wisconsin card sorting test—perseverative response, WCST−CC Wisconsin card sorting test—categories completed.