Table 1.
Characteristics of derivation and validation cohorts.
| Derivation cohort (N = 303) | Validation cohort (N = 298) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 27 (8.9%) | 26 (8.7%) | 0.936 |
| Age (years) | 43.2 ± 11.1 | 42.9 ± 10.7 | 0.759 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 232 (76.6%) | 230 (77.2%) | 0.858 |
| Etiology | 0.080 | ||
| HBV infection only | 216 (71.3%) | 231 (77.5%) | |
| HBV infection plus other precipitating factors | 87 (28.7%) | 67 (22.5%) | |
| Antiviral agents | 0.419 | ||
| Entecavir | 224 (73.9%) | 209 (70.1%) | |
| Tenofovir | 70 (23.1%) | 75 (25.2%) | |
| Others | 9 (3.0%) | 14 (4.7%) | |
| Duration of antiviral therapy | 0.687 | ||
| ≥ 2 weeks | 96 (31.7%) | 99 (33.2%) | |
| < 2 weeks | 207 (68.3%) | 199 (66.8%) | |
| HBV DNA (log10 IU/mL) | 4.25 (3.14–5.84) | 4.56 (3.01–5.95) | 0.985 |
| HBV DNA ≥ 3 log10 IU/mL | 249 (82.2%) | 240 (80.5%) | 0.605 |
| MELD score | 27.2 ± 5.5 | 26.6 ± 4.97 | 0.217 |
| Infection | 0.578 | ||
| No SBP | 87 (28.7%) | 89 (29.9%) | |
| SBP only | 76 (25.1%) | 64 (21.5%) | |
| SBP plus other site infection | 140 (46.2%) | 145 (48.7%) | |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 66 (21.8%) | 69 (23.2%) | 0.687 |
| Grade of hepatic encephalopathy | 0.603 | ||
| None | 237 (78.2%) | 230 (77.2%) | |
| I–II | 51 (16.8%) | 57 (19.1%) | |
| III–IV | 15 (5.0%) | 11 (3.7%) | |
| PT-INR | 2.08 (1.77–2.50) | 2.02 (1.74–2.47) | 0.171 |
| PT-INR ≥ 2.0 | 178 (58.7%) | 153 (51.3%) | 0.068 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 81 (69–100) | 81 (70–97) | 0.838 |
| Serum creatinine (× ULN)a | 0.76 (0.67–0.94) | 0.77 (0.67–0.92) | 0.783 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.122 | ||
| Male: < 1.2; Female: < 1.0 | 260 (85.8%) | 268 (89.9%) | |
| Male: ≥ 1.2; Female: ≥ 1.0 | 43 (14.2%) | 30 (10.1%) | |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 442.5 ± 116.4 | 443.8 ± 122.5 | 0.895 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 425 μmol/L | 156 (51.5%) | 154 (51.7%) | 0.962 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 297.6 ± 93.1 | 305.9 ± 98.9 | 0.287 |
| Direct bilirubin to total bilirubin ratio | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.72 (0.65–0.78) | 0.708 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 137 (63–325) | 124 (73–248) | 0.825 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 136 (93–251) | 135 (91–231) | 0.702 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio | 1.11 (0.68–1.83) | 1.13 (0.74–1.63) | 0.839 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.8 ± 3.8 | 32.1 ± 4.0 | 0.363 |
| Albumin to globulin ratio | 1.31 ± 0.46 | 1.31 ± 0.47 | 0.894 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 135.2 ± 4.2 | 135.1 ± 4.4 | 0.896 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 3.62 ± 0.56 | 3.67 ± 0.65 | 0.376 |
| Serum chloride (mmol/L) | 96.2 ± 5.2 | 96.7 ± 4.7 | 0.457 |
| Venous blood ammonia (mmol/L) | 67 (49–94) | 68 (50–95) | 0.639 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 119 ± 20 | 118 ± 20 | 0.727 |
| Platelets (× 109/L) | 85 (60–114) | 84 (61–118) | 0.922 |
| White blood cells (× 109/L) | 6.8 (5.2––9.4) | 6.6 (5.1–9.0) | 0.299 |
| Median sessions of ALSS therapy | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.387 |
| 3-month mortality | 122 (40.3%) | 102 (34.2%) | 0.126 |
HBV hepatitis B virus, ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, PT-INR international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time (PT), ULN upper limit of normal, ALSS artificial liver support system.
aSerum creatinine (× ULN) equals to serum creatinine (μmol/L) divided by the upper limit of normal (Male: 106 μmol/L; Female: 88 μmol/L). Measurement data are represented as mean ± SD (Normally distributed data) or median (P25–P75) (Non-normally distributed data). Enumeration data are represented as frequencies (proportion).