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. 2021 Jan 14;11:1457. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80522-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Theoretical consortial interactions including competition and cross feeding. (a) Consortium with multiple populations competing for the same electron donor and same electron acceptor and both populations utilizing an overflow metabolism producing inhibitor lactic acid. (b) Consortium of rCCR utilizing P. aeruginosa (Pa) and cCCR utilizing S. aureus (Sa) where substrate preferences are partitioned between the two populations and lactic acid is cross fed. (c) Cross feeding can lead to enhanced phenotypic properties, such as flux, for a scarce nutrient pool like reduced carbon or nitrogen. Michaelis–Menten-like kinetics and the requirement to invest resources into both enzyme and metabolite pools leads to a nonlinear relationship between invested resources and enzyme flux. Higher fluxes require a smaller, relative resource investment. See Beck et al.⁶⁷ for parameter details.