Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics and differences between discontinued angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers group and other anti-hypertensive drugs group
|
Characteristic
|
|
Patients with both COVID-19 and hypertension
|
χ²
/z
|
P
value
|
|
|
Total (n = 53)
|
Discontinued ACEIs/ARBs (n = 27)
|
Other anti-hypertensive drugs (n = 26)
|
|||
| Male sex, n (%) | 26 (49.1) | 15 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) | 0.930 | 0.335 |
| Age, median yr (IQR) | 67 (59, 73) | 64 (55, 72) | 70 (66, 73) | -2.369 | 0.018 |
| Initial symptom, n (%) | |||||
| Fever (temperature ≥ 37.3 °C) | 35 (66) | 19 (54.3) | 16 (45.7) | 6.895 | 0.1861 |
| Cough | 12 (22.6) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | ||
| Dyspnea | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | ||
| Chest tension | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | ||
| Exhausted | 1 (1.9) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| Anorexia | 1 (1.9) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| Diarrhea | 2 (3.8) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| Severity of illness, n (%) | |||||
| Moderate | 24 (45.3) | 12 (50) | 12 (50) | 0.016 | 0.901 |
| Severe | 29 (54.7) | 15 (51.7) | 14 (48.3) | ||
| qSOFA score, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 26 (49.1) | 17 (65.4) | 9 (34.6) | 4.259 | 0.039 |
| ≥ 1 | 27 (50.9) | 10 (37) | 17 (63) | ||
| CURB-65 score, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 17 (32.1) | 12 (70.6) | 5 (29.4) | 3.874 | 0.1451 |
| 1 | 28 (52.8) | 12 (42.9) | 16 (57.1) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 8 (15.1) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 21 (39.6) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 0.154 | 0.695 |
| Coronary heart disease- | 13 (24.5) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (38.5) | 0.774 | 0.379 |
| Duration of hypertension, median-yr (IQR) | 10 (5,16) | 10 (6, 20) | 10 (5, 10) | 1.811 | 0.707 |
| Chest CT results, n (%) | |||||
| Bilateral lesions | 48 (90.6) | 24 (50) | 24 (50) | 0 | 1 |
| Ground glass | 32 (60.4) | 15 (46.9) | 17 (53.1) | 0.535 | 0.465 |
| Consolidation | 6 (11.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0.148 | 0.701 |
| Hydrothorax | 5 (9.4) | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 0.002 | 0.965 |
| Patch shadow | 37 (69.8) | 19 (51.4) | 18 (48.6) | 0.008 | 0.928 |
| Laboratory tests, median (IQR) | |||||
| White blood cell count, × 109/L | 5.23 (4.56, 6.46) | 5.22 (4.28, 6.99) | 5.41 (4.76, 6.01) | -0.285 | 0.776 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109/L | 0.99 (0.68, 1.49) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.5) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.49) | -1.228 | 0.219 |
| Platelet count, × 109/L | 247 (209, 285) | 250 (202, 319) | 247 (217, 280) | 1.087 | 0.852 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 122 (115, 130) | 122 (115, 129) | 122 (115, 132) | -0.142 | 0.887 |
| Alanine transaminase, U/L | 21 (15, 31) | 21 (14, 31) | 20 (15, 30) | -0.027 | 0.979 |
| Albumin, g/L | 34.9 (31.3, 38.3) | 33.4 (30.1, 35.9) | 36.4 (31.7, 39) | -2.127 | 0.033 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | 9.5 (7, 13.4) | 9.1 (6.4, 13.4) | 10.2 (7.4, 14.1) | -0.881 | 0.378 |
| LDH, µmol/L | 265 (228 ,313) | 290 (228, 367) | 262 (224, 300) | 1.174 | 0.240 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.6 (3.4, 5.9) | 4.6, (3.9, 6) | 4.5 (3.2, 5.7) | 0.854 | 0.393 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 71 (58, 90) | 68 (59, 90) | 71.5 (58, 90) | 0.089 | 0.929 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 13.9 (13.2, 14.4) | 13.8 (13.2, 14.3) | 14 (13.2, 14.6) | -0.633 | 0.527 |
| APTT, s | 40.2 (35.6, 43.7) | 40.8 (36.8, 44.6) | 37.7 (35.3, 43.5) | 1.148 | 0.251 |
| Fibrous protein, g/L | 4.81 (4, 6.18) | 4.73 (4, 6.98) | 4.85 (3.72, 6) | 0.534 | 0.593 |
| D-dimer, µg/L | 0.93 (0.48, 1.77) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.69) | 1.11 (0.48, 1.81) | -0.409 | 0.682 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 21.2 (1.2, 81.4) | 27.2 (5, 97.5) | 16.6 (0.8, 57.9) | 1.130 | 0.258 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.04 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.290 | 0.772 |
| Serum ferritin, µg/L | 486 (328.35, 1023.85) | 601.15 (387, 1173.3) | 438.35 (321.4, 767.2) | 1.244 | 0.213 |
| IL-2R, U/mL | 669 (445.5, 1013.5) | 684.5 (488, 1172) | 669 (407, 1010) | 0.522 | 0.602 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 8.76 (3.08, 37.12) | 10.23 (3.91, 40.54) | 7.66 (3.08, 34.24) | 0.439 | 0.660 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 13.35 (5.75, 23.2) | 17.55 (7.4, 27.2) | 10.4 (5.3, 18.9) | 1.395 | 0.163 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 5 (5, 5.45) | 5 (5, 7.6) | 5 (5, 5) | 2.463 | 0.0142 |
| hs-TnI, pg/mL | 3.6 (2.9, 5.3) | 4.5 (2.3, 7.6) | 3.6 (3.6, 3.6) | 1.090 | 0.267 |
| Myoglobin, ng/mL | 51.6 (37.8, 90) | 50.7 (40, 134.6) | 55.5 (31.8, 86.3) | 0.365 | 0.715 |
| CKMB, ng/mL | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.508 | 0.611 |
| NT-ProBNP, pg/mL | 142.0 (71.0, 308.0) | 113.0 (57.0, 311.0) | 179.5 (75,0, 290.0) | -1.005 | 0.315 |
| Time from onset to admission, median day (IQR) | 14 (10, 18) | 15 (10, 18) | 12 (9, 18) | 0.919 | 0.358 |
Only one patient's organ failure assessment (QSOFA) was 2, QSOFA for all other patients was 0 or 1. Therefore, QSOFA was involved as a binary variable (0, ≥1) in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. 1Chi-square test for continuity correction. 2Mean rank in the discontinued angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) group = 30.73—slightly higher than that in the other anti-hypertensive drugs group (22.27). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ACEIs/ARBs: Angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers; qSOFA: Quick sequential organ failure assessment; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; hs-CRP: High-sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-2R: Interleukin-2 receptor; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-10: Interleukin-10; hs-TnI: High sensitive cardiac troponin I; CKMB: Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; IQR: Interquartile range; CT: Computed tomography.