Table 3.

Polysaccharide-based hydrogel bioinks for bioprinting microvasculature.^a,b

Biomaterial	Bioink formulation	Concentration	Printing approach	Technique	Cell type	Crosslinking	Printed structures	Capillary formation?	ref
Agarose	Agarose	2–8% wt.	Indirect	EBB	Perfused with HUVEC suspension	Physical	Microchannels in GelMA matrix	No	517
	Agarose and collagen	Agarose: 0.5% wt. Collagen: 0.5% wt.	Direct	DBB	HUVECs and HDFs	Physical	Hydrogel column	Yes	450
Alginate	Alginate	0.8% wt.	Indirect	DBB	n/a	Physical	Bifurcation model with 90 μm channel	Yes	376
	Alginate	1.5% wt.	Direct	EBB	Rat heart endothelial cells	Physical	3D lattice construct with viable ECs	No	464
	Alginate	1–3% wt.	Indirect	Embedded 3D bioprinting	Perfused with HUVEC suspension	Physical	Patterned vascular networks in agarose/gelatin and GelMA hydrogels	No	467
	Alginate + CaCl2 + platelet-rich plasma	Alginate: 1% w/v CaCl2: 0.025% w/v Plasma: 50 U	Direct	EBB	HUVECs	Physical	Branching vascular structure	No	470
Carbohydrate glass	Sugar glass maintained at 165 °C	25 g glucose + 53 g sucrose + 10 g dextran in 50 mL water	Combined	EBB	Perfused with HUVEC suspension	Physical	Patterned vascular networks in multiple hydrogel matrices	Yes	242
	Sugar glass maintained at 155 °C	100 g isomalt + 10 g dextran in 60 mL water	Indirect	EBB	Perfused with HUVEC suspension	Physical	Patterned vascular networks in a fibrin hydrogel	Yes	478
	Sugar glass	n/a	Indirect	EBB	n/a	Physical	Patterned vascular networks in a PDMS hydrogel	Yes	479
	Sugar glass + CaCl2 maintained at 110 °C	3% w/v	Indirect	EBB	n/a	Physical	Patterned vascular networks in an alginate hydrogel	No	480
Hyaluronic acid (HA)	Ad-HA and CD- HA	Ad-HA: 4% wt. CD-HA: 4% wt.	Indirect	Embedded 3D bioprinting	Perfused with HUVEC suspension	Chemical and physical	Endothelialized microchannels in cell-degradable HA support hydrogels	Yes	244
	GMHA/GelMA	GMHA: 2% w/v GelMA: 5% w/v	Direct	LAB	HUVECs and ADSCs	Chemical	Vascularized hepatic model	Yes	503
	HA/GelMA	HA: 1% w/v GelMA: 2.5% w/v	Direct	LAB	HUVECs and 10T1/2 cells	Chemical	Prevascularized tissue constructs with complex 3D microarchitecture	Yes	504

^an/a = not applicable.

^bHDF = human dermal fibroblast; Ad = adamantane; CD = cyclodextrin; GMHA = glycidyl methacrylate-HA