Table 1. Summary of findings from GWAS of substance use disorders from the past five years.
Only studies that have undergone peer review are included (i.e., preprints not included).
| Drug | Year | PMID | Phenotype | N | Ncases | Number of genome-wide significant loci | Genes or regions implicated | h2 (SE)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALCOHOL | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 2018 | 30482948 | DSM-IV alcohol dependence | 52,848b | 14,904 | 1 | ADH1B | 0.09 (0.02) |
| Alcohol | 2018 | 30336701 | AUDIT-P | 121,604 | NA | 3 | DRD2, KLB, CADM2 | 0.09 (0.005) |
| Alcohol | 2019 | 31151762 | Maximum habitual alcohol use | 144,865b | NA | 6 | ADH1B, CRHR1, FGF14 | 0.078 |
| Alcohol | 2019 | 30940813 | ICD-9 codes 303.X, 305–305.03 and ICD-10 codes F10.1, F10.2 | 274,391b | 55,584 | 10 | ADHIB, ADHIC, ADH4, GCKR, SIX3, SLC39A8, DRD2, chr10q25.1, FTO | 0.06 (0.004) |
| NICOTINE | ||||||||
| Nicotine | 2015 | 26440539 | FTND scores (categorized into mild, moderate, or severe) | 17,074 | NA | 1 | CHRNA4 | NA |
| Nicotine | 2018 | 28972577 | FTND scores (categorized into mild, moderate, or severe) | 38,602b | NA | 2 | DNMT3B, CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 | NA |
| CANNABIS | ||||||||
| Cannabis | 2016 | 27028160 | DSM-IV cannabis dependence criterion counts | 14,754b | NA | 3 | SLC35G, CSMD1, RP11–206M11.7 | 0.190.25 |
| Cannabis | 2018 | 29112194 | DSM-IV cannabis dependence | 8,515b | 2,080 | 1 | RP11–215A21.1 | NA |
| COCAINE | ||||||||
| Cannabis | 2019 | 31209380 | ICD-9 codes | 51,372 | 2,387 | 1 | CHRNA2 | 0.04 (0.01) - 0.09 (0.03) |
| Cocaine | 2014 | 23958962 | DSM-IV cocaine dependence | 5,697b | 4,291 | 1 | FAM53B | NA |
| Cocaine | 2019 | 31212010 | DSM-IV cocaine dependence | 6,378 | 2,085 | 0 | HIST1H2BD | 0.27 (0.03) - 0.30 (0.06) |
| OPIOIDS | ||||||||
| Opioids | 2014 | 24143882 | DSM-IV dependence and criterion count | 5,697b | 2,066 | 3 | PITPNM3, KCNC1, HHLA2 (in AA subset) | NA |
| Opioids | 2016 | 26239289 | DSM-IV dependence vs. nondependent daily injectors | 1,328 | 1,167 | 1 | CNIH3 | NA |
| Opioids | 2018 | 29478698 | DSM-IV dependence; criterion counts used for analysis | 3,058b | 1,290 | 1 | RGMA | NA |
| Opioids | 2017 | 28115739 | Methadone dose | 1,410b | - | 1 | OPRM1 | NA |
Note: this study did not identify any genome-wide significant SNPs but did identify one genome-wide significant gene through gene-based analyses.
Indicates studies that included more than one ancestry (i.e., not only European Americans).
Heritability is given in raw estimates, rather than percentages; thus, an h2SNP = 0.09 is equivalent to an h2SNP = 9%. Only SNP-heritabilities (heritability estimated from all common SNPs assessed) are presented in the table; twin and family estimates for SUDs range from 50%–70. As the heritability estimated only from genome-wide significant SNPs is expected to be negligible and is often not reported, we do not report those statistics here.