Table 1. Feed mixture ratios and chemical composition (%) of Hanwoo steers fed with conventional (control; 25% roughage), 50% roughage (T50), and 70% roughage (T70) diets by growth stage (dry weight, %).
| Composition | Growing (8.5–12 mon) |
Early
fattening (13–18 mon) |
Mid-fattening (19–24 mon) |
Late
fattening (25–32 mon) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | T50 | T70 | Control | T50 | T70 | Control | T50 | T70 | Control | T50 | T70 | |
| Feed mixture ratios | ||||||||||||
| Alfalfa | 5.18 | 3.27 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rice straw | - | - | - | 12.8 | 17 | - | 8.4 | 14 | - | 6 | 7.8 | 6.8 |
| Corn silage | 12.96 | 21.8 | 32.3 | 14 | 22 | 24 | 10.4 | 10 | 22 | - | - | - |
| Italian rye grass (dry) | 32.98 | 36.6 | 48 | 18.3 | 25 | 56 | 16.7 | 16 | 34 | 4.1 | 20 | 34 |
| Barley | 8.25 | 5.25 | 3.92 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 4 | 6.2 | 6 | 6 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 3.4 |
| Corn gluten feed | 4.48 | 4.16 | 1.96 | 6 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 3.8 | 12 | 11 | 10 |
| Molasses | 5.54 | 5.25 | 2.94 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 3 |
| Wheat bran | 4.48 | 4.16 | 1.96 | 6 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 3.2 |
| Coconut meal | 2.24 | 1.58 | 0.98 | 3 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1 |
| Corn flakes | 3.06 | 3.07 | - | 18.3 | 11 | 9.2 | 18.2 | 22 | 16 | 29.9 | 27 | 25 |
| Cottonseed | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.2 | 3.3 | 4 | 4 | 3.9 | 2.7 |
| Apple pomace | 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Rice bran | 8.25 | 4.95 | 2.94 | 5.5 | 5 | 8 | 6.3 | 5 | 5 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 2.7 |
| Palm kernel meal | 1.18 | 1.39 | 0.49 | 2 | 1 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1 | 1 | 0.7 |
| Water | 9.42 | 6.44 | 2.94 | 3 | 2.2 | 2 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 2 | 13.1 | 5.8 | 6 |
| Vitamin and mineral supplement | 0.24 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Limestone | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Salt | 0.12 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Chemical composition (%) | ||||||||||||
| Water | 36.7 | 44.8 | 41.3 | 24.1 | 35 | 39.5 | 34.8 | 33.1 | 36.9 | 24.1 | 23.5 | 22.6 |
| Crude protein | 11.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 7.5 |
| Crude fat | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3 |
| Crude fiber | 15.7 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 22.1 | 16 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 17.3 | 16.9 | 15.1 |
| Crude ash | 7 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 10 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.2 |
| Calcium | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Phosphorus | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Neutral detergent fiber | 31.3 | 33.2 | 37.2 | 42.4 | 38.6 | 33 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 33.2 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 40.9 |
| Acid detergent fiber | 16.1 | 15.6 | 17 | 24.5 | 24.7 | 20.2 | 20.9 | 19.7 | 20.6 | 23.9 | 19.8 | 22.9 |
| Total digestible nutrient | 59.9 | 54.9 | 56.1 | 61.2 | 59.1 | 59.1 | 63.8 | 65.3 | 60.7 | 71.5 | 70.1 | 69.8 |