TABLE 1.
Characteristics of studies included in analysis
| Study design | Study characteristics | Population characteristics | |||||||
| Reference | a. Place b. Study period c. Study design d. Sampling method | Indicator of ethnicity | Ethnic groups | n (% women) | Response/Participation rate | Age range (years), mean (SD or CI) | BMI (kg/m2) or obesity (BMI > 30) | Fasting plasma glucose or diabetes mellitus | |
| Agyemang et al.[25] | a. South-East Amsterdam, The Netherlands b. 2001–2003 c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from municipality register | Country of birth or parental country of birth, self-reported maternal ethnic origin | White Dutch: African Surinamese: SA Surinamese: | 508 (50.2) 581 (67.8) 294 (45.1) | 61% 60% (African + SA Surinamese) | Men White Dutch: African Surinamese: SA Surinamese: Women White Dutch: African Surinamese: SA Surinamese: | 35–60 48.1 (47.3–48.9) 44.1 (43.2–44.9) 44.3 (43.2–45.4) 47.4 (46.6–48.2) 43.3 (42.9–44.0) 45.0 (44.0–46.0) | Mean (CI) 26.2 (25.7–26.8) 26.4 (25.7–27.0) 26.4 (25.5–27.2) 26.1 (25.5–26.8) 29.4 (28.8–29.9) 27.5 (26.7–28.3) | n/a |
| Agyemang et al.[27] | a. Amsterdam, The Netherlands b. 2004 c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from municipality register | Self-reported country of birth or parental country of birth | Native Dutch: Turkish: Moroccan: | 511 (58.5) 433 (53.6) 360 (45.8) | 46% 50% 39% | Men Native Dutch: Turkish: Moroccan: Women Dutch: Turkish: Moroccan: | ≥18 51.5 (49.5–53.6) 48.7 (46.9–50.5) 52.4 (50.5–54.2) 51.7 (49.9–53.5) 43.6 (41.8–45.4) 44.1 (41.9–6.3) | Mean (CI) 25.7 (25.2–26.3) 28.1 (27.5–28.7) 27.0 (26.5–27.6) 26.3 (25.8–26.9) 31.1 (30.3–31.9) 29.7 (28.7–30.7) | % 7.5 17.0 11.0 2.8 12.8 11.7 |
| Agyemang et al.[26] | a. Amsterdam, The Netherlands b. 2011–2014 c. Baseline data of prospective cohort d. Random sample from municipality register | Country of birth and parental country of birth | Dutch: Moroccan: Turkish: SA Surinamese: African Surinamese: Ghanaian: | 2142 (54.1) 2252 (60.7) 2277 (53.8) 2278 (55.3) 2184 (63.2) 1871 (59.5) | Overall response rate: 63% Participation rate: Dutch: 54% Moroccans: 35% Turkish: 36% Surinamese: 43% Ghanaians: 57% | Men Dutch: Moroccan: Turkish: SA Surinamese: African Surinamese: Ghanaian: Women Dutch: Moroccan Turkish: SA Surinamese: African Surinamese: Ghanaian: | 18–70 47.3 (46.4–48.2) 41.8 (40.9–42.7) 40.6 (39.9–41.3) 45.2 (44.4–46.0) 47.6 (46.7–48.5) 47.1 (46.3–47.9) 45.5 (44.7–46.4) 39.3 (38.6–39.9) 40.3 (39.6–40.9) 46.7 (45.8–47.3) 47.5 (46.8–48.2) 43.9 (43.2–44.5) | Mean (CI) 25.2 (25.0–25.4) 26.6 (26.3–26.9) 27.9 (27.6–28.2) 25.7 (25.5–26.0) 26.4 (26.1–26.7) 26.8 (26.5–27.1) 24.3 (24.1–24.5) 28.3 (28.0–28.6) 29.4 (29.0–29.8) 26.9 (26.6–27.2) 28.8 (28.5–29.1) 29.5 (29.2–29.8) | mmol/l 5.5 (5.4–5.5) 5.8 (5.7–5.9) 5.6 (5.5–5.7) 6.0 (5.9–6.1) 5.5 (5.4–5.7) 5.6 (5.5–5.7) 5.1 (5.0–5.2) 5.3 (5.2–5.4) 5.3 (5.2–5.4) 5.6 (5.5–5.7) 5.4 (5.3–5.5) 5.2 (5.1–5.3) |
| Cappuccio et al.[15] | a. South London, UK b. 1994–1996 c. Cross-sectional survey d. Patient list from 9 GP practices | Name analysis, verified at interview (country of birth, language, religion, migration history, parental country of birth) | White: African descent (SSA + African Caribbean): SA: | 524 (n/a) 549 (n/a) 505 (n/a) | Overall response rate 82%; participation rate 76% | Men + Women White: African descent: SA: Men White: African descent: SA: Women White: African descent: SA: | 49.8 (5.6) 51.1 (5.8) 49.4 (5.9) | % (CI) 14.8 (10.5–19.9) 14.8 (10.5–20.5) 8.4 (5.3–12.4) 18.8 (14.7–23.9) 39.8 (34.8–45.3) 19.7 (15.0–25.1) | n (%) 181 (6.7) 157 (17.9) 211 (25.4) 210 (5.2) 245 (14.9) 191 (20.5) |
| Chaturvedi et al.[16] | a. Inner London, UK b. n/a c. Cross-sectional d. Patient list from 9 GP practices | Assigned by interviewer based on appearance and parental origin | European: West African + Afro-Caribbean: | 585 (53.5) 581 (57.5) | Overall response rate 58% | Men European: Afro-Caribbean: Women European: Afro-Caribbean: | 40–64, n/a | Mean (CI) 26.4 (26.0–26.8) 26.0 (25.6–26.4) 26.0 (25.5–26.5) 29.1 (28.5–29.6) | % (CI) 6.5 (5.0–8.0) 12.9 (10.4–15.4) 4.0 (2.7–5.3) 17.7 (15.6–19.8) |
| Cruickshank et al.[18] | a. Birmingham, UK b. n/a c. Cross-sectional d. Health survey among employees of 12 factories | Assigned by observer based on appearance | White: Afro-Caribbean: Indian: | 603 (27.2) 274 (58.0) 172 (0) | Participation rate 80% | 16–64, n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Cruickshank et al.[17] | a. North West London, UK b. n/a c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from 2 GP practices | Grandparental origin | White: Afro-Caribbean: Gujarati Indian: | 101 (51.5) 106 (50.0) 107 (56.1) | Participation rate 77% | Men White: Afro-Caribbean: Gujarati Indian: Women White: Afro-Caribbean: Gujarati Indian: | 45–74 62.0 (7.0) 57.0 (5.0) 62.2 (5.0) 60.3 (7.0) 56.6 (6.0) 62.2 (5.0) | Mean (SD) 26.2 (4.0) 26.0 (4.0) 25.2 (3.0) 26.3 (5.0) 29.1 (5.0) 26.8 (5.0) | n (%) 2 (4.0) 22 (41.5) 15 (31.9) 1 (1.9) 9 (17.0) 17 (28.3) |
| Cruickshank et al.[19] | a. Inner city Manchester, UK b. 1992–1995 c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from population registers of 4 health centres | Grandparental origin | European: African-Caribbean: | 558 (52.5) 480 (53.8) | European: n/a African-Caribbean: 66% | Men European: African-Caribbean: Women European: African-Caribbean: | 25–74 51.4 (49–53) 52.5 (50–54) 52.5 (50–54) 47.5 (45–59) | n/a | n/a |
| Haines et al.[20] | a. North West London, UK b. 1983–1986 c. Cross-sectional d. All patients from 1 GP practice | Self-reported ethnic group | Whites: Blacks of Caribbean origin: | 936 (51.9) 415 (54.0) | 61% | Men Whites: Blacks: Women Whites: Blacks: | 17–70 42.4 (15.6) 41.4 (15.6) 40.9 (15.5) 36.5 (13.8) | n/a | n/a |
| Knight et al.[21] | a. Bradford, UK b. n/a c. Cross-sectional d. Health survey among manual workers in 2 textile factories | Name analysis, self-reported origin | Asian (mainly Pakistani): Non-Asian (Europeans): | 128 (0) 160 (0) | Asian 83.4% Non-Asian 70.6% | Men Asian: Non-Asian: | 20–65, 41 | Mean (CI) 24.5 (24.0–25.1) 25.2 (24.7–25.7) | n (%) 14 (10.9) 7 (4.4) |
| Lemic-Stojcevic et al.[22] | a. Inner city South London, UK b. 1995 c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from 6 GP practices | Self-reported ethnic group | White: Black Caribbean: Black African: | 291 (52.6) 310 (56.1) 102 (63.7) | Questionnaire: 45% Examination: White: 68% Black Caribbean: 73% Black African: 55% | White: Black Caribbean: Black African: | 45–74 58.7 (8.0) 60.3 (7.3) 54.0 (6.2) | n/a | n/a |
| Lopes et al.[28] | a. Lisbon region, Portugal b. 2010–2011 c. Cross-sectional d. Random sample from 52 GP practices with high proportion of immigrant patients | Country of birth and self-reported ethnic origin | Native Portuguese: Portuguese speaking African countries immigrants: | 449 (51.2) 337 (57.9) | Native Portuguese: 68% African immigrants: 75% | Portuguese: African Immigrants: | 40–80 64.2 (9.1) 57.1 (10.1) | n (%) 179 (47.6) 153 (51.0) | n (%) 120 (26.7) 92 (27.3) |
| Modesti et al.[29] | a. Prato, Tuscany, Italy b. 2014–2015 c. Baseline data from prospective cohort d. Chinese: Network sampling procedure through 4 community-based Chinese organizations; Italians: random sample from GP practices | Country of birth and grandparental country of birth | Italian: Chinese: | 291 (51.2) 1200 (52.9) | Italian: 67% Chinese: n/a | Italian: Chinese: | 35–59 47.6 (7.5) 46.2 (7.1) | Mean (SD) 25.4 (3.2) 23.7 (3.1) | mg/dl 103.6 (55.5) 118.3 (33.4) |
| Nazroo et al.[12] | a. England, UK b. 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004 c. Cross-sectional, National Health Survey d. Random sample from postcode sectors | Self-reported ethnic origin of family | White: Black Caribbean: Indian: Pakistani: Bangladeshi: Chinese: | 17 836 (n/a) 1067 (n/a) 1370 (n/a) 1041 (n/a) 712 (n/a) 701 (n/a) | Household response rate: General population: 74–76% Ethnic minority sample: 66–67% | White: Black Caribbean: Indian: Pakistani: Bangladeshi: Chinese: | 16–74 | n/a | n (%) 259 (3.7) 95 (10.3) 134 (10.9) 98 (11.5) 94 (16.9) 31 (5.9) |
| Patel et al.[23] | a. Inner city Sandwell, UK b. 2005–2006 c. Cross-sectional d. 10 Pubic screening events | Self-reported ethnicity | European: Gujarati Indian: Punjabi Indian: Bangladeshi: Other Indian (Sri Lankan, South Indian, Pakistani): | 276 (56.9) 79 (45.6) 163 (46.6) 160 (58.8) 68 (44.1) | Attendance rate: Indian: 80%; Bangladeshi, Pakistani: <50% | Men European Caucasian: Gujarati Indian: Punjabi Indian: Bangladeshi: Other Indian: Women European Caucasian: Gujarati Indian: Punjabi Indian: Bangladeshi: Other Indian: | 25–90, 47.7 (15.2) | BMI > 27 kg/m2 % (CI) 48.4 (39.4–57.4) 43.1 (28.0–58.3) 40.0 (29.7–50.3) 48.2 (36.1–60.2) 56.2 (39.7–72.6) 43.7 (35.8–51.5) 37.6 (21.4–53.9) 50.1 (38.8–61.3) 47.2 (37.1–57.3) 41.0 (0–109) | n (%) 4 (3.3) 8 (19.2) 14 (15.6) 23 (35.1) 2 (6.6) 3 (1.7) 8 (22.1) 5 (6.4) 25 (26.8) 3 (10.0) |
| Primatesta et al.[24] | a. England, UK b. 1991–1996 c. Cross-sectional, National Health Survey d. Multistage stratified probability sampling design | Self-reported ethnicity in predefined categories | White: Black (SSA + African Caribbean): South Asian: | 31 619 (53.7) 295 (53.9) 529 (45.9) | n/a | Men White: SSA + African Caribbean: SA: Women White: SSA + African Caribbean: SA: | ≥40, n/a | n (%) 2633 (18) 26 (19) 34 (12) 3568 (21) 78 (49) 56 (23) | n/a |
CI, confidence interval; GP, general practitioner; n/a, not available; SA, South Asian; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa.