Table 3.
18F-FDG-PET findings in the whole group vs. healthy controls: results of ROI analysis in acute phase, one month later and 6 month after COVID-19 onset
| SUV ratio | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Patients | |||
| Anatomic location | Baseline | Early assessment | Late assessment | |
| Right orbital frontal gyrus | 1.27 ± 0.08 | 1.03 ± 0.10♦ (− 19%) | 1.08 ± 0.14* (− 15%) | 1.16 ± 0.17 (− 9%) |
| Left orbital frontal gyrus | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.12♦ (− 16%) | 1.16 ± 0.12* (− 10%) | 1.25 ± 0.15 (− 4%) |
| Right middle frontal gyrus | 1.39 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.11♦ (− 20%) | 1.18 ± 0.11♦ (− 15%) | 1.28 ± 0.15 (− 8%) |
| Left middle frontal | 1.35 ± 0.09 | 1.13 ± 0.17* (− 16%) | 1.20 ± 0.13* (− 11%) | 1.30 ± 0.17 (− 4%) |
| Right medial frontal gyrus | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.02 ± 0.13♦ (− 19%) | 1.06 ± 0.14* (− 15%) | 1.12 ± 0.19 (− 10%) |
| Left medial frontal gyrus | 1.24 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.14* (− 16%) | 1.09 ± 0.11* (− 12%) | 1.16 ± 0.15 (− 6%) |
| Right olfactory cortex | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.12* (− 12%) | 0.93 ± 0.10* (− 13%) | 0.95 ± 0.12* (− 11%) |
| Left olfactory cortex | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.12* (− 10%) | 0.97 ± 0.10* (− 10%) | 0.97 ± 0.08* (− 10%) |
| Right rectus gyrus | 1.34 ± 0.08 | 1.11 ± 0.17* (− 18%) | 1.16 ± 0.19* (− 14%) | 1.23 ± 0.24 (− 9%) |
| Left rectus gyrus | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.15* (− 15%) | 1.17 ± 0.16* (− 11%) | 1.24 ± 0.17 (− 6%) |
| Anterior cingulate cortex | 1.34 ± 0.11 | 1.07 ± 0.18* (− 20%) | 1.12 ± 0.17* (− 17%) | 1.17 ± 0.20* (− 13%) |
| Posterior cingulate cortex | 1.64 ± 0.13 | 1.39 ± 0.26* (− 15%) | 1.53 ± 0.23 (− 7%) | 1.62 ± 0.31 (− 1%) |
| Right insula | 1.28 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.09♦ (− 14%) | 1.11 ± 0.12* (− 14%) | 1.15 ± 0.14* (− 10%) |
| Left insula | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.08♦ (− 14%) | 1.14 ± 0.10* (− 11%) | 1.20 ± 0.13 (− 7%) |
| Right inferior parietal cortex | 1.37 ± 0.10 | 1.13 ± 0.17 (− 17%) | 1.25 ± 0.17 (− 9%) | 1.37 ± 0.23 (0%) |
| Left inferior parietal cortex | 1.31 ± 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.17 (− 15%) | 1.20 ± 0.15 (− 8%) | 1.30 ± 0.21 (− 1%) |
| Early right occipital cortex | 1.34 ± 0.08 | 1.16 ± 0.16 (− 10%) | 1.28 ± 0.14 (− 5%) | 1.35 ± 0.19 (0%) |
| Left occipital cortex | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.13 ± 0.15 (− 11%) | 1.24 ± 0.13 (− 5%) | 1.31 ± 0.20 (0%) |
| Right middle temporal gyrus | 1.33 ± 0.08 | 1.15 ± 0.10♦ (− 13%) | 1.24 ± 0.13 (− 6%) | 1.31 ± 0.16 (− 1%) |
| Left middle temporal gyrus | 1.28 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.13* (− 11%) | 1.20 ± 0.13 (− 6%) | 1.27 ± 0.17 (0%) |
| Right inferior temporal gyrus | 1.25 ± 0.07 | 1.10 ± 0.12* (− 12%) | 1.18 ± 0.11 (− 6%) | 1.23 ± 0.16 (− 2%) |
| Left inferior temporal gyrus | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.14* (− 11%) | 1.15 ± 0.13 (− 5%) | 1.20 ± 0.16 (− 2%) |
| Right amygdala | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.15 (− 2%) | 0.92 ± 0.09 (− 3%) | 0.91 ± 0.08 (− 5%) |
| Left amygdala | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.14 (− 2%) | 0.96 ± 0.11 (− 3%) | 0.96 ± 0.09 (− 4%) |
| Right hippocampus | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.18 (− 5%) | 0.94 ± 0.15 (− 6%) | 0.95 ± 0.15 (− 5%) |
| Left hippocampus | 0.99 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.17 (− 3%) | 0.95 ± 0.14 (− 5%) | 0.95 ± 0.14 (− 4%) |
| Right parahippocampal gyrus | 1.05 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.16 (− 5%) | 1.01 ± 0.13 (− 3%) | 1.03 ± 0.12 (− 1%) |
| Left parahippocampal gyrus | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.15 (− 6%) | 0.99 ± 0.11 (− 4%) | 1.00 ± 0.10 (− 3%) |
| Right caudate nucleus | 1.22 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.24♦ (− 33%) | 0.87 ± 0.24* (− 28%) | 0.96 ± 0.24* (− 21%) |
| Left caudate nucleus | 1.23 ± 0.17 | 0.91 ± 0.23* (− 26%) | 1.00 ± 0.26 (− 19%) | 1.07 ± 0.25 (− 13%) |
| Right putamen | 1.52 ± 0.11 | 1.37 ± 0.20 (− 9%) | 1.43 ± 0.23 (− 5%) | 1.47 ± 0.22 (− 3%) |
| Left putamen | 1.56 ± 0.12 | 1.43 ± 0.17 (− 8%) | 1.47 ± 0.25 (− 5%) | 1.51 ± 0.24 (− 3%) |
| Right thalamus | 1.36 ± 0.12 | 1.20 ± 0.17 (− 12%) | 1.23 ± 0.16 (− 10%) | 1.28 ± 0.18 (− 6%) |
| Left thalamus | 1.36 ± 0.10 | 1.25 ± 0.15 (− 8%) | 1.26 ± 0.14 (− 7%) | 1.30 ± 0.18 (− 4%) |
| Cerebellar hemispheres | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.03 ± 0.11* (− 12%) | 1.04 ± 0.06♦ (− 11%) | 1.06 ± 0.08* (− 8%) |
| Cerebellar vermis | 1.43 ± 0.13 | 1.43 ± 0.20 (0%) | 1.38 ± 0.13 (− 3%) | 1.44 ± 0.16 (1%) |
SUV ratio values expressed as mean ± standard deviation and percent difference between patients and controls (value in brackets). Values with ♦ indicate a statistically significant difference between controls and patients with p < 0.005 (bilateral Student’s t test). Values with * indicate a statistically significant difference between controls and patients with p < 0.05 (bilateral Student’s t test)