Table 4.

SPM findings in each patient vs. healthy controls, in acute COVID-19-related encephalopathy

Location (BA)	Coordinates TAL (mm)			Cluster size	Voxel level
	x	y	z	kE	P corr	P uncorr	T score
Case #1 < controls
Right cerebellum	46	− 70	− 34	1937	< 0.001	< 0.001	14.9
Right parahippocampal gyrus (BA53)	20	6	− 20	373	< 0.001	< 0.001	13.2
Right insula (BA47)	46	16	− 6	750	< 0.001	< 0.001	12.9
Left cerebellum	− 42	− 62	− 44	1015	< 0.001	< 0.001	11.7
Left insula (BA13)	− 38	8	− 14	433	< 0.001	< 0.001	11.5
Right frontal orbital gyrus (BA10)	14	70	− 8	1360	< 0.001	< 0.001	9.4
Case #1 > controls
Left middle occipital gyrus (BA18)	− 28	− 88	10	1980	< 0.001	< 0.001	15.7
Right cuneus (BA18)	22	− 96	12	353	< 0.001	< 0.001	11.1
Left middle temporal gyrus (BA37)	− 54	− 56	− 2	466	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.3
Left superior parietal (BA7)	− 28	− 72	60	302	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.1
Case #2 < controls
Right inferior parietal (BA40)	64	− 22	14	47128	< 0.001	< 0.001	27.8
Left cerebellum	− 12	− 54	− 36	350	< 0.001	< 0.001	13.0
Right precentral gyrus (BA6)	42	− 12	68	417	< 0.001	< 0.001	13.0
Right cerebellum	16	− 38	− 48	1939	< 0.001	< 0.001	12.4
Left cerebellum	− 48	− 70	− 36	2031	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.8
Case #2 > controls
Right brainstem	10	− 28	− 32	162	< 0.001	< 0.001	12.5
Left precentral gyrus (BA1)	− 10	− 34	70	299	0.001	< 0.001	7.8
Right vermis*	4	− 66	− 42	217	0.09	< 0.001	5.6
Case #3 < controls
Right olfactory gyrus (BA25)	6	12	− 14	43896	< 0.001	< 0.001	22.8
Right primary visual cortex (BA17)	8	− 92	4	2139	< 0.001	< 0.001	13.0
Left inferior parietal (BA39)	− 50	− 52	40	362	< 0.001	< 0.001	11.5
Right inferior parietal (BA40)	66	− 26	28	381	0.001	< 0.001	11.1
Case #3 > controls
Left pons	− 6	− 14	− 28	378	0.006	0.001	10.5
Case #4 < controls
Right insula (BA47)	48	16	− 4	25911	< 0.001	< 0.001	18.4
Left precuneus (BA7)	− 6	− 66	52	2811	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.8
Left inferior temporal gyrus (BA21)	− 62	− 28	− 18	802	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.4
Left inferior occipital gyrus (BA19)	− 40	− 74	− 10	867	< 0.001	< 0.001	9.3
Case #4 > controls
Left middle frontal gyrus (BA8)	− 32	24	44	565	< 0.001	< 0.001	38.1
Left cerebellum	− 12	− 44	− 46	509	< 0.001	< 0.001	18.3
Right cerebellum	30	− 86	− 30	5942	< 0.001	< 0.001	18.0
Left vermis	− 2	− 36	− 6	135	< 0.001	< 0.001	8.7
Case #5 < controls
Right cerebellum	44	− 48	− 50	46901	< 0.001	< 0.001	22.3
Right superior temporal gyrus (BA41)	66	− 24	14	473	< 0.001	< 0.001	14.9
Right middle occipital gyrus (BA39)	36	− 78	32	410	< 0.001	< 0.001	9.7
Case #5 < controls
Right pons	10	− 34	− 34	669	< 0.001	< 0.001	11.1
Right cerebellum	22	− 68	− 42	1261	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.8
Left cerebellum	− 14	− 66	− 44	411	0.003	< 0.001	7.1
Left cerebellum	− 36	− 60	− 50	153	0.02	< 0.001	6.4
Case#6 < controls
Right inferior temporal (BA20)	64	− 44	26	79991	< 0.001	< 0.001	24.1
Right cerebellum	40	− 70	− 52	1054	< 0.001	< 0.001	13.1
Left cerebellum	− 34	− 74	− 52	1015	0.001	< 0.001	11.1
Case #6 > controls
Left cerebellum	− 12	− 64	− 38	558	< 0.001	< 0.001	17.8
Right hippocampus (BA54)	− 22	− 12	− 24	1157	< 0.001	< 0.001	16.6
Right hippocampus (BA54)	20	− 8	− 16	1154	< 0.001	< 0.001	14.1
Case #7 < controls
Right cuneus (BA18)	18	− 98	8	106715	< 0.001	< 0.001	24.0
Case #7 > controls
Right cerebellum	22	− 64	− 42	223	< 0.001	< 0.001	10.9
Left pons	− 12	− 42	− 40	389	< 0.001	< 0.001	9.5
Right pons	14	− 40	− 40	144	< 0.001	< 0.001	8.6

MNI coordinates are expressed in mm relative to the anterior commissure. Statistical maps were threshold for significance at p < 0.05 corrected using the FWE (family-wise error) method with a cluster extent of 100 voxels. Results displayed with p values < 0.05 uncorrected are indicated with *. BA, Brodmann area; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute space; k_E, cluster size in number of voxels