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. 2021 Jan 19;131(2):e142030. doi: 10.1172/JCI142030

Figure 3. Strategies to enhance efficacy of CAR T cells against solid tumors.

Figure 3

Several engineering strategies have been developed to improve CAR T cell function (A). Chemokine receptors coexpressed on CAR T cells enhance traffic to the tumor site (B). Expression of heparanase improves the ability of CAR T cells to penetrate the tumor stoma by degrading the ECM (C). Engineered CAR T cells can overcome inhibitory immune checkpoints by secreting anti–PD-1 antibodies or scFvs; another strategy includes the expression of dominant-negative forms of the receptors (DN–PD-1) (D). CAR T cells modified to secrete cytokines have improved function by modulating the tumor milieu. CCR4, CC-chemokine receptor 4; DNR, dominant-negative receptor.