Table 4.
In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against non-albicans Candida strains.
| Plant species | Source | Microorg. | C. dubliniensis 1 | C. glabrata 2 | C. krusei 3 | C. parapsilosis 4 | C. tropicalis 5 | Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC50% (μg/mL) | Score MIC | MIC50% (μg/mL) | Score MIC | MIC50% (μg/mL) | Score MIC | MIC50% (μg/mL) | Score MIC | MIC50% (μg/mL) | Score MIC | ||||
| Ageratum conyzoides L | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Allium tuberosum Rottl. Ex Spreng | Commercial source | CBS 6044 | <2001 | − | nt | − | nt | − | 15 | ++++ | nt | − | [19] |
| CBS 79871 | Nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain3 | nt | − | nt | − | <2001 | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain4 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 15 | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain1 | <2001 | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Anethum graveolens | Seeds | Clinical strain2,3,4 | nt | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | Nt | − | [20] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Artemisia absinthum L | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Artemisia camphorata L | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Bidens sulphurea | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Chenopodium ambrosioides L | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Commercial source | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 625 | ++ | [25] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 625 | ++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | Commercial source | ATCC 400425 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 312.5 | +++ | [14] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 312.5 | +++ | |||
| ATCC 401473 | nt | − | nt | − | 312.5 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain3 | nt | − | nt | − | 312.5 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | Commercial source | ATCC 34133 | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | nt | − | nt | − | [26] |
| CBS 945 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 25 | +++ | |||
| ATCC 7505 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | |||
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | |||
| — | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | |||
| — | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 625 | ++++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Citrus reticulata Blanco | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Coreopsis lanceolata L. | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Coriandrum sativum | Commercial source | CBS 5733 | nt | − | nt | − | 15 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | [19] |
| CBS 6044 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 125 | +++ | nt | − | |||
| CBS 79871 | 7 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| CBS 945 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 125 | +++ | |||
| Clinical strain3 | nt | − | nt | − | 7 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain4 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 7 | ++++ | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain1 | 7 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 63 | ++++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Coriandrum sativum L. | Leaves | CBS 945 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 312 | ++++ | [27] |
| CBS 5733 | nt | − | nt | − | 156 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| CBS 79871 | 31.2 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Cuminum cyminum | Seeds | Clinical strain2,3,4 | nt | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | Nt | − | [20] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Foeniculum vulgare | Leaves | Clinical strain2,3,4 | nt | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | Nt | − | [20] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Laurus nobilis L. | Commercial source | ATCC 7505 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | [28] |
| ATCC 34133 | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| CBS 945 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
| CBS 5733 | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| — | nt | − | 500 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Lavandula officinalis L. | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Melaleuca alternifólia | Commercial source | ATCC 401473 | nt | − | nt | − | >2001 | − | nt | − | nt | − | [29] |
| ATCC 400425 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 562.5 | ++ | |||
| ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | >2001 | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Ocimum gratissimum L | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Ocotea odorifera | Commercial source | ATCC-138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | <2000 | − | [24] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | <2000 | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Pelargonium graveolens L'H'er | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 125 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 125 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Pimpinella anisum | Seeds | Clinical strain | nt | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | >2001 | − | — | — | [20] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Plectranthus neochilus Schl | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1000 | ++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Rosmarinus officinalis | Commercial source | ATCC 401473 | nt | − | nt | − | 1125 | ++ | nt | − | nt | − | [29] |
| ATCC 400425 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 562.5 | ++ | |||
| ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 1125 | + | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Commercial source | ATCC-138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | <2001 | − | [24] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | <2001 | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Santolina chamaecyparis sus | Commercial source | CBS 5733 | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | [19] |
| CBS 6044 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | >2001 | − | nt | − | |||
| CBS 79871 | 63 | ++++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| CBS 945 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | >2001 | − | |||
| Clinical strain3 | 500 | +++ | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain4 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain1 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | |||
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | >2001 | − | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Syzigium aromaticum | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Tagetes erecta L. | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 500 | +++ | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Tetradenia Riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Leaves | ATCC 138035 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | [33] |
| Clinical strain5 | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | nt | − | 250 | +++ | |||
nt (not tested); comparative MIC values (μg/mL): (++++) <100; (+++) 100 to 500; (++) 501 to 1000; (+) >1001 to 2000; (−) >2001. Strain of C. dubliniensis = C. dubliniensis; strain of C. glabrata = C. glabrata2; strain of C. krusei = C. krusei3; strain of C. parapsilosis = C. parapsilosis4; strain of C. tropicalis = C. tropicalis5.