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. 2021 Jan 15;11:1555. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81005-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Average spectra of the wing beat frequency signals for the tested insects, showing the harmonics for each classified group. 1H first harmonic, 2H second harmonic, etc., exemplified for B. aeneus. The grey areas show the interquartile range. The spectra were obtained by taking the average over all four channels (808 nm and 1320 nm, co- and de-polarized signals).