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. 2021 Jan 15;11:1552. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81282-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Low sulfated CS ratio to total CS for each iPSEC sample. (B) CS-C6 ratio to total CS for each iPSEC sample. MMD3 showed a significantly lower ratio of CS-C6, compared with Control 1 or 2 (*P < 0.05). (C) CS-C4 ratio to total CS for each iPSEC sample. (D) Expression of enzymes for CS sulfation. Although there was no statistical significance, C4ST1, C4ST2 and C6ST-1 tended to be downregulated in MMD. UST, uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase; C4ST, chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase; D4ST, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase; C6ST, chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase; GalNAc4S-6ST, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase. Error bars are SEM.