Table 4.
Associations between macronutrient substitutions and acute hospitalisations due to ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemia.
| Macronutrients | DKA | Hypoglycaemia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index (excluded) | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p |
| CHO (fat) | 0.719 | 0.494–1.048 | 0.087 | 1.361 | 1.031–1.795 | 0.029 |
| Protein (CHO) | 0.722 | 0.315–1.653 | 0.441 | 0.969 | 0.553–1.699 | 0.913 |
| Protein (fat) | 0.517 | 0.212–1.257 | 0.145 | 1.312 | 0.723–2.380 | 0.371 |
| Alcohol (CHO) | 1.644 | 1.006–2.685 | 0.047 | 0.965 | 0.599–1.555 | 0.885 |
| Alcohol (protein) | 2.278 | 1.038–4.999 | 0.040 | 1.122 | 0.596–2.113 | 0.722 |
| Alcohol (fat) | 1.192 | 0.680–2.089 | 0.540 | 1.296 | 0.764–2.197 | 0.337 |
Logistic regression analysis. For DKA, the models are adjusted for age, sex, insulin dosing per weight in kg, physical activity, HbA1c, and diastolic blood pressure; for hypoglycaemia, the adjustments were made for age, sex, insulin dosing, physical activity, smoking, total cholesterol concentration, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In these substitution models, one of the macronutrients (shown in the parentheses) is left out, while one of the macronutrients is the index macronutrient. The beta value represents an increase or decrease in the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemia hospitalisation when the intake of the index macronutrient is increased by 5% at the expense of the excluded macronutrient.
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis, CHO carbohydrate.